NUR 410 Med-Surg
NUR 410 Med-Surg: Final Exam
Comprehensive Questions and Answers
- Also known as kidney stones, Lithiasis-stone formation
- Highest cause of upper urinary tract obstruction
- Stone can be in the kidney or traveling down
- Keep straining the urine
- More than half that occur are idiopathic - What are renal calculi?
- *calcium salts*
- blood
- pus
- sloughed tissue - What are renal calculi composed of?
- *Calcium oxalate* (most common)
- *Calcium Phosphate*
- Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite)
- cystine stones
- Uric acid (urate)
- Magnesium phosphate - What are the different types of renal calculi?
- Most kidney stones are these
- form of calcium oxalate
- Oxalate is a substance made daily by your liver or absorbed from your diet
NUR 410 Med-Surg
,NUR 410 Med-Surg
- Certain fruits and vegetables, as well as nuts and chocolate, have high oxalate
content - What is there to know about calcium stones?
- Dietary factors
- high doses of vitamin D
- intestinal bypass surgery
- several metabolic disorders - What increase concentration of calcium or oxalate
in the urine?
- more common in metabolic conditions: renal tubular acidosis
- may also be associated with certain medications used to treat migraines or
seizures
- topiramate (Topamax, Trokendi XR, Qudexy XR). - What is there to know about
calcium phosphate stones?
- form in response to a urinary tract infection
- grow quickly and become quite large
- sometimes with few symptoms or little warning - What is there to know about
struvite stone?
- form in people who lose too much fluid because of chronic diarrhea or
malabsorption
- those who eat a high-protein diet
-those with diabetes or metabolic syndrome
- Certain genetic factors also may increase your risk of uric acid stones - What is
there to know about uric acid stones?
NUR 410 Med-Surg
,NUR 410 Med-Surg
- in people with a hereditary disorder called cystinuria that causes the kidneys to
excrete too much of a specific amino acid - What is there to know about cystine
stones?
• Prior stone formation/family history
• Alteration in urine PH (too acid, too alkaline) certain diets
• Genetic predisposition to mineral accumulation/poor protective mechanisms
(crystals in urine coagulate easily due to lack of)
• *Dehydration/poor fluid intake*
• Concentrated urine/*Urinary Stasis**
• Immobility
• Excess dietary intake of calcium, oxalate, or protein
• Hx of gout, Hyperparathyroidism, repeated UTI
• Obesity
• Digestive disorders & Other medical conditions
• Some medications/supplements - What are the risk factors of renal calculi?
• Environmental temp
• Poor Protection: Lack of pyrophoshate, citrate, glycoproteins
• UIT/Infection: Struvite stones (magnesium-ammonium phoshate stones) are
associated with urease producing bacteria such as Proteus=Staghorn stines that fill
renal pelvis calcyes.
• Cystine-rare, genetic defect - What are some other risk factors of renal calculi?
- Gastric bypass surgery
NUR 410 Med-Surg
, NUR 410 Med-Surg
- IBD or chronic diarrhea can cause changes in the digestive process that affect
your absorption of calcium and water
- increasing the amounts of stone-forming substances in your urine - What are the
digestive diseases and surgery for risk factors of renal calculi?
- renal tubular acidosis
- cystinuria
- hyperparathyroidism
- repeated UTI - What are the other medical condition risk factors for renal calculi?
- vitamin C
- dietary supp
- laxatives (when used excessively)
- calcium-based antacids
- certain medications used to treat migraines or depression - What are the certain
supplements and medication risk factors for renal calculi?
- nephro: kidney
- uro: bladder
- systic: bladder stones - Types of Stone Locations- Where are they?:
- nephrolithiasis
- urolithiasis
- systic
- Kidney: no pain but could block production
NUR 410 Med-Surg
NUR 410 Med-Surg: Final Exam
Comprehensive Questions and Answers
- Also known as kidney stones, Lithiasis-stone formation
- Highest cause of upper urinary tract obstruction
- Stone can be in the kidney or traveling down
- Keep straining the urine
- More than half that occur are idiopathic - What are renal calculi?
- *calcium salts*
- blood
- pus
- sloughed tissue - What are renal calculi composed of?
- *Calcium oxalate* (most common)
- *Calcium Phosphate*
- Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite)
- cystine stones
- Uric acid (urate)
- Magnesium phosphate - What are the different types of renal calculi?
- Most kidney stones are these
- form of calcium oxalate
- Oxalate is a substance made daily by your liver or absorbed from your diet
NUR 410 Med-Surg
,NUR 410 Med-Surg
- Certain fruits and vegetables, as well as nuts and chocolate, have high oxalate
content - What is there to know about calcium stones?
- Dietary factors
- high doses of vitamin D
- intestinal bypass surgery
- several metabolic disorders - What increase concentration of calcium or oxalate
in the urine?
- more common in metabolic conditions: renal tubular acidosis
- may also be associated with certain medications used to treat migraines or
seizures
- topiramate (Topamax, Trokendi XR, Qudexy XR). - What is there to know about
calcium phosphate stones?
- form in response to a urinary tract infection
- grow quickly and become quite large
- sometimes with few symptoms or little warning - What is there to know about
struvite stone?
- form in people who lose too much fluid because of chronic diarrhea or
malabsorption
- those who eat a high-protein diet
-those with diabetes or metabolic syndrome
- Certain genetic factors also may increase your risk of uric acid stones - What is
there to know about uric acid stones?
NUR 410 Med-Surg
,NUR 410 Med-Surg
- in people with a hereditary disorder called cystinuria that causes the kidneys to
excrete too much of a specific amino acid - What is there to know about cystine
stones?
• Prior stone formation/family history
• Alteration in urine PH (too acid, too alkaline) certain diets
• Genetic predisposition to mineral accumulation/poor protective mechanisms
(crystals in urine coagulate easily due to lack of)
• *Dehydration/poor fluid intake*
• Concentrated urine/*Urinary Stasis**
• Immobility
• Excess dietary intake of calcium, oxalate, or protein
• Hx of gout, Hyperparathyroidism, repeated UTI
• Obesity
• Digestive disorders & Other medical conditions
• Some medications/supplements - What are the risk factors of renal calculi?
• Environmental temp
• Poor Protection: Lack of pyrophoshate, citrate, glycoproteins
• UIT/Infection: Struvite stones (magnesium-ammonium phoshate stones) are
associated with urease producing bacteria such as Proteus=Staghorn stines that fill
renal pelvis calcyes.
• Cystine-rare, genetic defect - What are some other risk factors of renal calculi?
- Gastric bypass surgery
NUR 410 Med-Surg
, NUR 410 Med-Surg
- IBD or chronic diarrhea can cause changes in the digestive process that affect
your absorption of calcium and water
- increasing the amounts of stone-forming substances in your urine - What are the
digestive diseases and surgery for risk factors of renal calculi?
- renal tubular acidosis
- cystinuria
- hyperparathyroidism
- repeated UTI - What are the other medical condition risk factors for renal calculi?
- vitamin C
- dietary supp
- laxatives (when used excessively)
- calcium-based antacids
- certain medications used to treat migraines or depression - What are the certain
supplements and medication risk factors for renal calculi?
- nephro: kidney
- uro: bladder
- systic: bladder stones - Types of Stone Locations- Where are they?:
- nephrolithiasis
- urolithiasis
- systic
- Kidney: no pain but could block production
NUR 410 Med-Surg
