ART 233 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
Body modifications vs. Body supplements - Answer--We categorize modifications
according to which parts of the body they affect
-We categorize supplements according to how they relate to the human body
-Modifications and supplements help communicate individuality
-Either help a person establish a connection with others like them (their tribe) or
separates them from others not like them
Body modifications - Answer-temporary or permanent alterations made to the body
Categories of Body Modifications - Answer-include aspects of the body that are
perceived visually such as:
-color
-volume/proportion
-shape/structure
-surface design
Modifications: Color - Answer-Hair & skin(dyed dark or lightened) skin can be lightened
or darkened through tattooing, powdering, painting, staining, sun-tanning, bleaching...
•Ex: Sun-tanning in the more recent years has become known to be dangerous to the
skin and it is no longer a firmly held idea that it makes one more beautiful. Now, there is
UV protection in the form of lotions, sprays, oils that are included in our process of
dress. And as an alternative to sun-tanning, there are sunless tanning lotions also
applied to the skin and included in our process of dress.
Modifications: Volume/Proportion - Answer-•Temporary =body slimmers/minimizers or
bras/bustles/shoulder pads
•Permanent =plastic surgery—i.e. nose jobs, breast implants or reductions/weight loss
or bodybuilding
Modifications (Volume/Proportion) Cont. - Answer-•With hair:
•Temporary=Teasing or thinning scissors; mud; hairpieces to change volume.
•Permanent=hair implants
Modifications: Shape/Structure - Answer-•Cutting hair is most common way of changing
shape of hair and beards. Brushing, rolling, binding in nets, solutions all help the body of
hair hold particular shapes.
•EX: 1960's women's beehives or 19thcentury men's mustaches.
Modifications (shape) Cont. - Answer-•Also, shoes change height. In China until the
20th century, middle and upper class women had their feet permanently shorted
through foot breaking and binding.
,•This would make the feet 3-5 inches long, which in Chinese culture was a (small feet)
component of beauty. Often women with bound feet were unable to walk on their own.
•
Shape & Structure EX: - Answer-Corsets drastically changed shape and structure to the
body. The organs of women who wore corsets most of their lives would literally be
shifted to unnatural areas of the body.
Modifications: Surface Design - Answer-•Can be temporary or permanent.
•EX: Temporary=pictures painted on nails; Henna patterns on brides of North
Africa/India; Black smudges on football players under eyes. ; Can also be from
subtraction—like shaving.
•EX: Permanent=gold teeth; Tattoos. Tattoos meant to enhance personal or group
identity.
Surface Design: Texture - Answer-•Temporary EX:
•Textural change—like straightening curled hair or curling straight hair.
•Lotion or oils to the skin give it a softer feel and appearance.
•Nail polish or buffing give shine/color to fingernails.
Surface Design (Texture) Cont. - Answer-•Some permanent might be plastic surgery or
face peels to remove wrinkles OR
•Dental surgery with enamel filling or capping; Scarification practiced by the Tivpeople in
Nigeria also changes texture of skin into pattern of scars.
Surface Design: Odor/Scent - Answer-•Body smell includes addition and subtraction in
the process of dress. Usually relating to grooming.
•Odor=unpleasant. Scent=pleasing.
•Bathing, brushing the teeth with mint toothpaste or mouthwash.
•Even chewing gum or spices in some parts of the world.
Surface Design: Sound - Answer-•Sounds of body can be temporary/permanent.
Cultural ideals of physical movement (like posture/gestures) vary.
-Permanent body modifications can affect sound—(See notes below slide).
-We also train our bodies to restrict sounds—(See notes below slide).
Surface Design: Taste - Answer-•Grooming procedures like freshening the mouth.
•In India, it is custom to rinse the mouth with water before and after eating a meal
Body Supplements - Answer-•Worn at a particular moment in time (i.e. Halloween
makeup) Special occasion
•Items that are placed upon the body, most often thought of as garments by Euro-
Americans, but this also includes jewelry and accessories
•Characterized by the way they are made or applied to the body—like wrapped,
suspended, inserted, clipped, adhered
, Body Supplements Cont. - Answer-•Supplements can enclose the body, be directly
attached, held by the wearer, and can be temporary or permanent.
•Create illusions about characteristics of the body—obscure body or enhance it by
allowing body to be openly visible or highlighting some feature.
Properties of Body Supplements - Answer-•Supplements can affect the way a dressed
person is perceived.
•Surface design and texture in textiles often primary characteristics by which people
choose their clothing. i.e. soft, silky or patterned cloth for sleepwear.
Body Supplements: Enclosures - Answer-•Any supplement that surrounds a portion of
the body, whether it covers it or not.
•i.e. Necklace and scarf: necklace encloses neck, scarf encloses and covers.
•Enclosures include anything wrapped, suspended, or pre-shaped
Body Supplements: Wrapped - Answer-•Are flat un-sewn garments. Like bandanas,
togas, head scarves, ribbons, tied belts, sashes
•Wrapped body enclosures also serve as primary garments associated with warm
climates, such as countries in South/Southeast Asia and Africa.
•EX: West Africans wear wrapped lower-body garments. In India, primary garment for
women is wrapped Sari. Adult women also wear pre-shaped garments including pants
called Salwara tunic called Kameezand wrapped cloth as a shawl known as a Dupatta.
Men often wear a Lungi—a wrapped lower garment (2 yards long).
Body Supplements: Suspended - Answer-•Hang from a portion of the body.
•Items such as ponchos/chausubles that are suspended from the shoulders.
•Necklaces hang from the neck, bracelets hang from the wrist. Earrings hang from the
earlobes.
•Also EX: amulet pouches suspended around the neck in some American Indian
groups.
Body Supplements: Pre-Shaped - Answer-•Popular in societies such as China, Japan,
Europe.
•Pre-shaped garments of cloth became more closely fitted to body in European and
British world.
•EX: English and their tailoring traditions. Careful fitting is required to achieve the
cultural region's ideal of appropriate formal dress.
Pre-shaped cont. - Answer-•Other pre-shaped items include hats, shoes, sandals, belts.
Metal not only for jewelry, also used to make larger pre-shaped enclosures meant to
cover large portions of body—such as chainmail and armor for protection in battle
(historically)
•Construction of pre-shaped enclosures usually accommodates contours of the wearer's
body. i.e. a piece of metal molded into the encircling form of a ring.
CORRECT ANSWERS
Body modifications vs. Body supplements - Answer--We categorize modifications
according to which parts of the body they affect
-We categorize supplements according to how they relate to the human body
-Modifications and supplements help communicate individuality
-Either help a person establish a connection with others like them (their tribe) or
separates them from others not like them
Body modifications - Answer-temporary or permanent alterations made to the body
Categories of Body Modifications - Answer-include aspects of the body that are
perceived visually such as:
-color
-volume/proportion
-shape/structure
-surface design
Modifications: Color - Answer-Hair & skin(dyed dark or lightened) skin can be lightened
or darkened through tattooing, powdering, painting, staining, sun-tanning, bleaching...
•Ex: Sun-tanning in the more recent years has become known to be dangerous to the
skin and it is no longer a firmly held idea that it makes one more beautiful. Now, there is
UV protection in the form of lotions, sprays, oils that are included in our process of
dress. And as an alternative to sun-tanning, there are sunless tanning lotions also
applied to the skin and included in our process of dress.
Modifications: Volume/Proportion - Answer-•Temporary =body slimmers/minimizers or
bras/bustles/shoulder pads
•Permanent =plastic surgery—i.e. nose jobs, breast implants or reductions/weight loss
or bodybuilding
Modifications (Volume/Proportion) Cont. - Answer-•With hair:
•Temporary=Teasing or thinning scissors; mud; hairpieces to change volume.
•Permanent=hair implants
Modifications: Shape/Structure - Answer-•Cutting hair is most common way of changing
shape of hair and beards. Brushing, rolling, binding in nets, solutions all help the body of
hair hold particular shapes.
•EX: 1960's women's beehives or 19thcentury men's mustaches.
Modifications (shape) Cont. - Answer-•Also, shoes change height. In China until the
20th century, middle and upper class women had their feet permanently shorted
through foot breaking and binding.
,•This would make the feet 3-5 inches long, which in Chinese culture was a (small feet)
component of beauty. Often women with bound feet were unable to walk on their own.
•
Shape & Structure EX: - Answer-Corsets drastically changed shape and structure to the
body. The organs of women who wore corsets most of their lives would literally be
shifted to unnatural areas of the body.
Modifications: Surface Design - Answer-•Can be temporary or permanent.
•EX: Temporary=pictures painted on nails; Henna patterns on brides of North
Africa/India; Black smudges on football players under eyes. ; Can also be from
subtraction—like shaving.
•EX: Permanent=gold teeth; Tattoos. Tattoos meant to enhance personal or group
identity.
Surface Design: Texture - Answer-•Temporary EX:
•Textural change—like straightening curled hair or curling straight hair.
•Lotion or oils to the skin give it a softer feel and appearance.
•Nail polish or buffing give shine/color to fingernails.
Surface Design (Texture) Cont. - Answer-•Some permanent might be plastic surgery or
face peels to remove wrinkles OR
•Dental surgery with enamel filling or capping; Scarification practiced by the Tivpeople in
Nigeria also changes texture of skin into pattern of scars.
Surface Design: Odor/Scent - Answer-•Body smell includes addition and subtraction in
the process of dress. Usually relating to grooming.
•Odor=unpleasant. Scent=pleasing.
•Bathing, brushing the teeth with mint toothpaste or mouthwash.
•Even chewing gum or spices in some parts of the world.
Surface Design: Sound - Answer-•Sounds of body can be temporary/permanent.
Cultural ideals of physical movement (like posture/gestures) vary.
-Permanent body modifications can affect sound—(See notes below slide).
-We also train our bodies to restrict sounds—(See notes below slide).
Surface Design: Taste - Answer-•Grooming procedures like freshening the mouth.
•In India, it is custom to rinse the mouth with water before and after eating a meal
Body Supplements - Answer-•Worn at a particular moment in time (i.e. Halloween
makeup) Special occasion
•Items that are placed upon the body, most often thought of as garments by Euro-
Americans, but this also includes jewelry and accessories
•Characterized by the way they are made or applied to the body—like wrapped,
suspended, inserted, clipped, adhered
, Body Supplements Cont. - Answer-•Supplements can enclose the body, be directly
attached, held by the wearer, and can be temporary or permanent.
•Create illusions about characteristics of the body—obscure body or enhance it by
allowing body to be openly visible or highlighting some feature.
Properties of Body Supplements - Answer-•Supplements can affect the way a dressed
person is perceived.
•Surface design and texture in textiles often primary characteristics by which people
choose their clothing. i.e. soft, silky or patterned cloth for sleepwear.
Body Supplements: Enclosures - Answer-•Any supplement that surrounds a portion of
the body, whether it covers it or not.
•i.e. Necklace and scarf: necklace encloses neck, scarf encloses and covers.
•Enclosures include anything wrapped, suspended, or pre-shaped
Body Supplements: Wrapped - Answer-•Are flat un-sewn garments. Like bandanas,
togas, head scarves, ribbons, tied belts, sashes
•Wrapped body enclosures also serve as primary garments associated with warm
climates, such as countries in South/Southeast Asia and Africa.
•EX: West Africans wear wrapped lower-body garments. In India, primary garment for
women is wrapped Sari. Adult women also wear pre-shaped garments including pants
called Salwara tunic called Kameezand wrapped cloth as a shawl known as a Dupatta.
Men often wear a Lungi—a wrapped lower garment (2 yards long).
Body Supplements: Suspended - Answer-•Hang from a portion of the body.
•Items such as ponchos/chausubles that are suspended from the shoulders.
•Necklaces hang from the neck, bracelets hang from the wrist. Earrings hang from the
earlobes.
•Also EX: amulet pouches suspended around the neck in some American Indian
groups.
Body Supplements: Pre-Shaped - Answer-•Popular in societies such as China, Japan,
Europe.
•Pre-shaped garments of cloth became more closely fitted to body in European and
British world.
•EX: English and their tailoring traditions. Careful fitting is required to achieve the
cultural region's ideal of appropriate formal dress.
Pre-shaped cont. - Answer-•Other pre-shaped items include hats, shoes, sandals, belts.
Metal not only for jewelry, also used to make larger pre-shaped enclosures meant to
cover large portions of body—such as chainmail and armor for protection in battle
(historically)
•Construction of pre-shaped enclosures usually accommodates contours of the wearer's
body. i.e. a piece of metal molded into the encircling form of a ring.
