NURS 617 EXAM 230+ QUESTIONS & CORRECT
ANSWERS LATEST 2025
A direct result of anaerobic metabolism during hypoxic cell injury is:
a. increased ATP
b. metabolic acidosis
c. tissue ischemia
d. all of the above. - ANSWER-b. metabolic acidosis
Rationale: When oxygen is not available, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism,
which yields an acid called lactate, or lactic acid.
Accumulation of which of the following molecules results in irreversible cell
injury?
a. Calcium
b. Melanin
c. Lipids
d. Water - ANSWER-a. Calcium
Rationale: The accumulation of calcium causes irreversible mitochondrial injury.
Adaptive cellular mechanisms function to:
,a. speed up cellular death.
b. prevent cellular aging.
c. treat disease.
d. protect cells from injury. - ANSWER-d.protect cells from injury.
An individual with damage to the spinal cord may experience atrophy of which of
the following organs?
a. Skeletal muscles
b. Skin
c. Liver
d. Brain - ANSWER-a. Skeletal muscles
Rationale: Lack of nerve stimulation to skeletal muscles results in muscle atrophy.
Chronic infection of the cervix by the human papillomavirus results in cervical:
a. hormonal hyperplasia.
b. atrophy.
c. dysplasia.
d. metaplasia. - ANSWER-c. dysplasia.
Rationale: (Chronic infection or inflammation is a common cause of cervical
dysplasia.)
Ethanol (alcohol) causes cell injury by which of the following mechanisms?
,a. Cellular dehydration
b. Intracellular sodium loss
c. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes
d. Hypoxic injury - ANSWER-c. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes
Rationale: Ethanol metabolism causes lipid accumulation in hepatocytes that
decreases liver function and may result in liver cirrhosis.
In compensatory hyperplasia, growth factors stimulate cell division in response
to:
a. decreased hormonal stimulation.
b. ischemia.
c. tissue loss.
d. puberty. - ANSWER-c. tissue loss.
Rationale: In response to tissue loss, surrounding cells are stimulated to replace
the lost tissue.
In response to an increased workload, such as that caused by high blood pressure
(hypertension), myocardial cells in the left ventricle will adapt through the
process of:
a. hyperplasia.
b. hypertrophy.
, c. atrophy.
d. dysplasia. - ANSWER-b. hypertrophy.
Rationale: In response to the increased workload of hypertension, myocardial
cells will hypertrophy in order to pump harder.
Injury to the endoplasmic reticulum due to hypoxic injury results in:
a. sodium accumulation.
b. a decrease in protein synthesis.
c. the release of enzymes.
d. lactic acid production. - ANSWER-b. a decrease in protein synthesis.
Rationale: Ribosomes are the primary site for protein synthesis. Hypoxic injury
and cellular swelling result in dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, causing
the ribosomes to detach. Loss of the site for protein synthesis results in decreased
protein production.
Lead poisoning affects nervous system function by which of the following
mechanisms?
a. Lead blocks oxygen delivery to the brain by binding with hemoglobin.
b. Lead interferes with neurotransmitter release.
c. Lead inhibits fatty acid oxidation in the brainstem.
d. Lead causes nervous tissue necrosis. - ANSWER-b. Lead interferes with
neurotransmitter release.
ANSWERS LATEST 2025
A direct result of anaerobic metabolism during hypoxic cell injury is:
a. increased ATP
b. metabolic acidosis
c. tissue ischemia
d. all of the above. - ANSWER-b. metabolic acidosis
Rationale: When oxygen is not available, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism,
which yields an acid called lactate, or lactic acid.
Accumulation of which of the following molecules results in irreversible cell
injury?
a. Calcium
b. Melanin
c. Lipids
d. Water - ANSWER-a. Calcium
Rationale: The accumulation of calcium causes irreversible mitochondrial injury.
Adaptive cellular mechanisms function to:
,a. speed up cellular death.
b. prevent cellular aging.
c. treat disease.
d. protect cells from injury. - ANSWER-d.protect cells from injury.
An individual with damage to the spinal cord may experience atrophy of which of
the following organs?
a. Skeletal muscles
b. Skin
c. Liver
d. Brain - ANSWER-a. Skeletal muscles
Rationale: Lack of nerve stimulation to skeletal muscles results in muscle atrophy.
Chronic infection of the cervix by the human papillomavirus results in cervical:
a. hormonal hyperplasia.
b. atrophy.
c. dysplasia.
d. metaplasia. - ANSWER-c. dysplasia.
Rationale: (Chronic infection or inflammation is a common cause of cervical
dysplasia.)
Ethanol (alcohol) causes cell injury by which of the following mechanisms?
,a. Cellular dehydration
b. Intracellular sodium loss
c. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes
d. Hypoxic injury - ANSWER-c. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes
Rationale: Ethanol metabolism causes lipid accumulation in hepatocytes that
decreases liver function and may result in liver cirrhosis.
In compensatory hyperplasia, growth factors stimulate cell division in response
to:
a. decreased hormonal stimulation.
b. ischemia.
c. tissue loss.
d. puberty. - ANSWER-c. tissue loss.
Rationale: In response to tissue loss, surrounding cells are stimulated to replace
the lost tissue.
In response to an increased workload, such as that caused by high blood pressure
(hypertension), myocardial cells in the left ventricle will adapt through the
process of:
a. hyperplasia.
b. hypertrophy.
, c. atrophy.
d. dysplasia. - ANSWER-b. hypertrophy.
Rationale: In response to the increased workload of hypertension, myocardial
cells will hypertrophy in order to pump harder.
Injury to the endoplasmic reticulum due to hypoxic injury results in:
a. sodium accumulation.
b. a decrease in protein synthesis.
c. the release of enzymes.
d. lactic acid production. - ANSWER-b. a decrease in protein synthesis.
Rationale: Ribosomes are the primary site for protein synthesis. Hypoxic injury
and cellular swelling result in dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, causing
the ribosomes to detach. Loss of the site for protein synthesis results in decreased
protein production.
Lead poisoning affects nervous system function by which of the following
mechanisms?
a. Lead blocks oxygen delivery to the brain by binding with hemoglobin.
b. Lead interferes with neurotransmitter release.
c. Lead inhibits fatty acid oxidation in the brainstem.
d. Lead causes nervous tissue necrosis. - ANSWER-b. Lead interferes with
neurotransmitter release.
