NAPRX CNPR NEWEST VERSION REAL EXAM 2025
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY RATED A+
Office of inspector General (OIG)
ANSWER-an arm of the department of Health and Human Services, which investigates regulatory
infractions, provides compliance advice, and brings enforcement actions
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
ANSWER-Regulates general business practices to protect consumers against anti-competitive behavior
and misleading claims
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
ANSWER-Regulates the distribution and use of narcotics and other controlled substances
Antibodies
ANSWER-are proteins made by the body's immune system to bind and to neutralize foreign invaders.
Monoclonal Antibodies
ANSWER-antibodies used against breast cancer and non-Hodkin's lymphoma, are created in laboratories
to target the immune system of patients to specifically kill cancer cells
,Passive Diffusion
ANSWER-Diffusion is the random movement of molecules in fluid. Because of the lipid bilayer
construction of the membrane, non-polar (lipid soluble) molecules are able to diffuse and penetrate the
cell membrane. Polar molecules, however, cannot penetrate cell membrane readily via passive diffu sion
and rely on other transport mechanisms.
Facilitated Diffusion
ANSWER-Polar drug molecules have been observed to cross cell membranes. The transport mechanism
is via carrier systems. Transmembrane carriers, such as proteins, are similar to receptors and bin d polar
and non-polar drug molecules. They facilitate the diffusion of drugs across the cell membrane. This
diffusion is from a region of high concentration to low concentration.
Active Transport
ANSWER-the mechanism requires energy to drive the transportation of drugs against the concentration
gradients, from low to high. The transportation rate is dependent on the availability of carriers and
energy supply via a number of biological pathways.
Pinocytosis
ANSWER-involves the engulfing of fluids by a cell. The process commences with the infolding of cell
membrane around fluids containing the drug. The membrane then fuses and forms a vesicle with fluid
core. In this way, the drug is taken into the cell interior within the vesicle.
First Pass Metabolism
ANSWER-Drug absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract pass into the hepatic portal vein, which
drains into the liver. The liver metabolizes the drug, which leads to reduction in the availability of the
drug for interaction with receptors
,Blood-brain barrier
ANSWER-Due to this, distribution of drugs to the brain tissue is restricted for some types of drugs. The
reason is that the brain has a sheath of connective tissue cells, the astrocytes, surrounding it, forming a
barrier to passive diffusion for polar drugs. In addition, the endothelial cells of the brain capillaries are
joined more tightly together, curtailing further the diffusion of polar drugs to the brain. Lipid soluble
drugs can diffuse into the brain more readily and bring forth their effects
Placental barrier
ANSWER-this consists of several layers of cells between the maternal and fetal circulatory systems.
Diffusion of polar drugs is limited: However, lipid-soluble drugs can pass through the barrier. Fetuses are
rich in lipids and may form a reservoir for sequestering lipid soluble drugs
Phase 1
ANSWER-these biochemical metabolism reactions include oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis, which
transforms the drugs into metabolites. A family of enzymes called cytochrome P-450 is responsible for
these reactions.
Phase II
ANSWER-these biochemical metabolism reactions involve the addition or conjugation of subgroups,
such as -OH, -NH and -SH to the drug molecules. These reactions give rise to more polar molecules,
which are less lipid-soluble and are excreted from the body
Expression of Clearance of a Drug
ANSWER-CL = Rate of drug elimination/Drug concentration in the blood
Single dose
, ANSWER-This type of toxicity testing is conducted for several purposed, including the determination of
repeated doses, identification of organ is subjected to toxicity, and provision of data for starting doses in
human clinical trials. Various characteristic of the animals are monitored, including weights, clinical
signs, organ functions, biochemical parameters, and mortality. At the completion of the study, animals
are killed and autopsies are preformed to analyze the organs, especially the targeted organ for the drug
Repeated Dose
ANSWER-In this type of toxicity study the aim is to evaluate the longer-term effects of the drug in
animals. Plasma drug concentrations are measured and pharmacokinetics analyses are performed. Vital
functions studied include cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous systems. Animals are retained at the
end of the study to check toxicity recovery
Carcinogenicity
ANSWER-type of study that is carried out to identify the tumor-causing potential of a drug.
Reproductive toxicology
ANSWER-The aim of these studies is to assess the effect of the potential drug on mammalian
reproduction
MRSD
ANSWER-maximum recommended starting dose
NOAEL
ANSWER-no observed adverse effect level
HED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY RATED A+
Office of inspector General (OIG)
ANSWER-an arm of the department of Health and Human Services, which investigates regulatory
infractions, provides compliance advice, and brings enforcement actions
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
ANSWER-Regulates general business practices to protect consumers against anti-competitive behavior
and misleading claims
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
ANSWER-Regulates the distribution and use of narcotics and other controlled substances
Antibodies
ANSWER-are proteins made by the body's immune system to bind and to neutralize foreign invaders.
Monoclonal Antibodies
ANSWER-antibodies used against breast cancer and non-Hodkin's lymphoma, are created in laboratories
to target the immune system of patients to specifically kill cancer cells
,Passive Diffusion
ANSWER-Diffusion is the random movement of molecules in fluid. Because of the lipid bilayer
construction of the membrane, non-polar (lipid soluble) molecules are able to diffuse and penetrate the
cell membrane. Polar molecules, however, cannot penetrate cell membrane readily via passive diffu sion
and rely on other transport mechanisms.
Facilitated Diffusion
ANSWER-Polar drug molecules have been observed to cross cell membranes. The transport mechanism
is via carrier systems. Transmembrane carriers, such as proteins, are similar to receptors and bin d polar
and non-polar drug molecules. They facilitate the diffusion of drugs across the cell membrane. This
diffusion is from a region of high concentration to low concentration.
Active Transport
ANSWER-the mechanism requires energy to drive the transportation of drugs against the concentration
gradients, from low to high. The transportation rate is dependent on the availability of carriers and
energy supply via a number of biological pathways.
Pinocytosis
ANSWER-involves the engulfing of fluids by a cell. The process commences with the infolding of cell
membrane around fluids containing the drug. The membrane then fuses and forms a vesicle with fluid
core. In this way, the drug is taken into the cell interior within the vesicle.
First Pass Metabolism
ANSWER-Drug absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract pass into the hepatic portal vein, which
drains into the liver. The liver metabolizes the drug, which leads to reduction in the availability of the
drug for interaction with receptors
,Blood-brain barrier
ANSWER-Due to this, distribution of drugs to the brain tissue is restricted for some types of drugs. The
reason is that the brain has a sheath of connective tissue cells, the astrocytes, surrounding it, forming a
barrier to passive diffusion for polar drugs. In addition, the endothelial cells of the brain capillaries are
joined more tightly together, curtailing further the diffusion of polar drugs to the brain. Lipid soluble
drugs can diffuse into the brain more readily and bring forth their effects
Placental barrier
ANSWER-this consists of several layers of cells between the maternal and fetal circulatory systems.
Diffusion of polar drugs is limited: However, lipid-soluble drugs can pass through the barrier. Fetuses are
rich in lipids and may form a reservoir for sequestering lipid soluble drugs
Phase 1
ANSWER-these biochemical metabolism reactions include oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis, which
transforms the drugs into metabolites. A family of enzymes called cytochrome P-450 is responsible for
these reactions.
Phase II
ANSWER-these biochemical metabolism reactions involve the addition or conjugation of subgroups,
such as -OH, -NH and -SH to the drug molecules. These reactions give rise to more polar molecules,
which are less lipid-soluble and are excreted from the body
Expression of Clearance of a Drug
ANSWER-CL = Rate of drug elimination/Drug concentration in the blood
Single dose
, ANSWER-This type of toxicity testing is conducted for several purposed, including the determination of
repeated doses, identification of organ is subjected to toxicity, and provision of data for starting doses in
human clinical trials. Various characteristic of the animals are monitored, including weights, clinical
signs, organ functions, biochemical parameters, and mortality. At the completion of the study, animals
are killed and autopsies are preformed to analyze the organs, especially the targeted organ for the drug
Repeated Dose
ANSWER-In this type of toxicity study the aim is to evaluate the longer-term effects of the drug in
animals. Plasma drug concentrations are measured and pharmacokinetics analyses are performed. Vital
functions studied include cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous systems. Animals are retained at the
end of the study to check toxicity recovery
Carcinogenicity
ANSWER-type of study that is carried out to identify the tumor-causing potential of a drug.
Reproductive toxicology
ANSWER-The aim of these studies is to assess the effect of the potential drug on mammalian
reproduction
MRSD
ANSWER-maximum recommended starting dose
NOAEL
ANSWER-no observed adverse effect level
HED
