MARYVILLE NURS 611 PATHO EXAM 1
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
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1. Apoptosis - correct-answers- A programmed cell death that is regulated or
programmed. Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations
2. Necrosis - correct-answers- Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
3. What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the kidney and
heart) - correct-answers- Hypoxia
4. What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? - correct-answers- Ischemia
5. Main component of a cell - correct-answers- Nucleus
6. What does the nucleus contain? - correct-answers- Nucleolus
7. What is the nucleolus composed of? - correct-answers- RNA, most of cellular DNA,
DNA binding proteins, and histones
8. Why are histone important? - correct-answers- Histones bind to DNA and fold it into
chromosomes (chromatin) which is essential for cell division
9. What are ribosomes? - correct-answers- RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that
are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the
nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
10. Where can ribosomes be found? - correct-answers- Cytoplasm and rough ER
11. what are ribosomes chief function? - correct-answers- Provides sits for cellular protein
synthesis
12. What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? - correct-answers- A network of flatten, smooth
membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
13. What does the Golgi apparatus do? - correct-answers- Takes proteins from the ER and
processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory vesicles,
and refines and directs traffic in the cell
, What are lysosomes and what do they do? - correct-answers- Maintain cellular health by
removal of toxic cellular components, removal of useless organelles, termination of signal
transduction, and signals cellular adaption
How does aging affect lysosomes? - correct-answers- Leads to progressive loss of lysosomal
efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
What functions do lysosomal components integrate? - correct-answers- Nutrient abundance,
energy levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into instructions that regulate cellular
metabolism toward either proliferation or inactivity
What is mitochondria responsible for? - correct-answers- Cellular respiration, cellular
metabolism , and energy production
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? - correct-answers- Enzymes of the
respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation that generates
most of the cell's ATP
The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two things (2), and
metabolizes what three things (3)? - correct-answers- 1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic dearangements? -
correct-answers- Carbs, proteins, and lipids
What is physiologic atrophy? - correct-answers- Occurs in early development. ex: thymus Glad
during childhood
What is pathologic atrophy? - correct-answers- Occurs as a result of decreases in workload,
use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal stimulation. and
an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
what is hypertrophy? - correct-answers-Increase in cell size
Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - correct-answers- Hypertrophy of myocardial
cells from endurance training
example of pathologic hypertrophy - correct-answers- Cardiomegaly in a hypertensive patient
What is hyperplasia? - correct-answers- Increase in the number of cells
example of compensatory hyperplasia? - correct-answers- Regeneration of the liver
example of pathological hyperplasia - correct-answers- Eendometrial tissue
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
1. Apoptosis - correct-answers- A programmed cell death that is regulated or
programmed. Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations
2. Necrosis - correct-answers- Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
3. What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the kidney and
heart) - correct-answers- Hypoxia
4. What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? - correct-answers- Ischemia
5. Main component of a cell - correct-answers- Nucleus
6. What does the nucleus contain? - correct-answers- Nucleolus
7. What is the nucleolus composed of? - correct-answers- RNA, most of cellular DNA,
DNA binding proteins, and histones
8. Why are histone important? - correct-answers- Histones bind to DNA and fold it into
chromosomes (chromatin) which is essential for cell division
9. What are ribosomes? - correct-answers- RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that
are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the
nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
10. Where can ribosomes be found? - correct-answers- Cytoplasm and rough ER
11. what are ribosomes chief function? - correct-answers- Provides sits for cellular protein
synthesis
12. What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? - correct-answers- A network of flatten, smooth
membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
13. What does the Golgi apparatus do? - correct-answers- Takes proteins from the ER and
processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory vesicles,
and refines and directs traffic in the cell
, What are lysosomes and what do they do? - correct-answers- Maintain cellular health by
removal of toxic cellular components, removal of useless organelles, termination of signal
transduction, and signals cellular adaption
How does aging affect lysosomes? - correct-answers- Leads to progressive loss of lysosomal
efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
What functions do lysosomal components integrate? - correct-answers- Nutrient abundance,
energy levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into instructions that regulate cellular
metabolism toward either proliferation or inactivity
What is mitochondria responsible for? - correct-answers- Cellular respiration, cellular
metabolism , and energy production
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? - correct-answers- Enzymes of the
respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation that generates
most of the cell's ATP
The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two things (2), and
metabolizes what three things (3)? - correct-answers- 1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic dearangements? -
correct-answers- Carbs, proteins, and lipids
What is physiologic atrophy? - correct-answers- Occurs in early development. ex: thymus Glad
during childhood
What is pathologic atrophy? - correct-answers- Occurs as a result of decreases in workload,
use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal stimulation. and
an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
what is hypertrophy? - correct-answers-Increase in cell size
Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - correct-answers- Hypertrophy of myocardial
cells from endurance training
example of pathologic hypertrophy - correct-answers- Cardiomegaly in a hypertensive patient
What is hyperplasia? - correct-answers- Increase in the number of cells
example of compensatory hyperplasia? - correct-answers- Regeneration of the liver
example of pathological hyperplasia - correct-answers- Eendometrial tissue
