This disease is caused by pathological changes in the wall of the colon and
predisposes to colon cancer.
A. Esophageal varices
B. Dyspepsia
C. Crohn's disease
D. Ulcerative Colitis
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, Ulcerative Colitis
What are the common conditions that are risk factors to developing Chronic Renal
Failure?
Why do the initial stages of CRF have few problems that manifest in patients?
At which stage does End Stage Renal Disease begin?
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Diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and PKD.
As many as 75% of nephrons are healthy during initial stages and can
compensate Stage 5 with GFR below 15 mL/min
Please briefly explain the series of events that bring about atherosclerosis when cells
are injured.
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After endothelial cells are injured, white blood cells are recruited to the
site of injury. These become incorporated into the tunica media.
The white blood cells differentiate into macrophages, which engulf LDLs.
As the macrophages process the LDLs, they release cholesterol into their
cytoplasm, becoming foam cells.
As the foam cells go through apoptosis, the release inflammatory signals,
resulting in further foam cell formation.
The end result of this is fatty streaks in the blood vessel and reduced
, capacity for vasodilation. These plaques can rupture and cause occlusion
of the vessel
What are potential complications of Albinism?
How can these complications be treated or mitigated?
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Complications of albinism include skin cancer and visual problems.
Melanin is involved in eye development and lack of melanin can lead to
problems with depth perception and focusing.
UV damage to skin and eyes in people with albinism may be mitigated by
limiting UV exposure and usage of sunscreen and sunglasses.
Frequent checkups for skin abnormalities and vision problems should be
conducted.
Certain visual motor issues caused by albinism may be treated through
surgery.
Describe how and why our injury response results in the signs of redness, swelling,
heat, and pain?
(Be sure to use chemokines, histamine, and vasodilation in your response.)
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, An injury causes an inflammatory response which is responsible for the
redness, swelling, heat and pain. Upon injury, cells on the surface begin to
release chemokines which act as messengers that something has
happened.
Mast cells are also alerted to release histamines which travel to the
endothelial cells of capillaries and causes vasodilation, which is related to
swelling and redness.
Vasodilation also causes the capillaries to become leaky which allows for
histamines, chemokines and even pathogen particles to enter the blood
stream where they are met by neutrophils (non-specific) which start to
adhere to the capillary wall and squeeze through the leaky holes
(diapedesis or extravasation) to phagocytose pathogens and damaged
cells.
Dendritic cells just under the surface of skin are also activated to
phagocytose foreign particles. Other B cells, T cells (specific) and the
complement system also squeeze through the capillary wall to create an
area of congestion.
Give an example of primary hyperthyroid disease.
Describe the pathophysiology and manifestations of this disease.
Give this one a try later!
predisposes to colon cancer.
A. Esophageal varices
B. Dyspepsia
C. Crohn's disease
D. Ulcerative Colitis
Give this one a try later!
, Ulcerative Colitis
What are the common conditions that are risk factors to developing Chronic Renal
Failure?
Why do the initial stages of CRF have few problems that manifest in patients?
At which stage does End Stage Renal Disease begin?
Give this one a try later!
Diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and PKD.
As many as 75% of nephrons are healthy during initial stages and can
compensate Stage 5 with GFR below 15 mL/min
Please briefly explain the series of events that bring about atherosclerosis when cells
are injured.
Give this one a try later!
After endothelial cells are injured, white blood cells are recruited to the
site of injury. These become incorporated into the tunica media.
The white blood cells differentiate into macrophages, which engulf LDLs.
As the macrophages process the LDLs, they release cholesterol into their
cytoplasm, becoming foam cells.
As the foam cells go through apoptosis, the release inflammatory signals,
resulting in further foam cell formation.
The end result of this is fatty streaks in the blood vessel and reduced
, capacity for vasodilation. These plaques can rupture and cause occlusion
of the vessel
What are potential complications of Albinism?
How can these complications be treated or mitigated?
Give this one a try later!
Complications of albinism include skin cancer and visual problems.
Melanin is involved in eye development and lack of melanin can lead to
problems with depth perception and focusing.
UV damage to skin and eyes in people with albinism may be mitigated by
limiting UV exposure and usage of sunscreen and sunglasses.
Frequent checkups for skin abnormalities and vision problems should be
conducted.
Certain visual motor issues caused by albinism may be treated through
surgery.
Describe how and why our injury response results in the signs of redness, swelling,
heat, and pain?
(Be sure to use chemokines, histamine, and vasodilation in your response.)
Give this one a try later!
, An injury causes an inflammatory response which is responsible for the
redness, swelling, heat and pain. Upon injury, cells on the surface begin to
release chemokines which act as messengers that something has
happened.
Mast cells are also alerted to release histamines which travel to the
endothelial cells of capillaries and causes vasodilation, which is related to
swelling and redness.
Vasodilation also causes the capillaries to become leaky which allows for
histamines, chemokines and even pathogen particles to enter the blood
stream where they are met by neutrophils (non-specific) which start to
adhere to the capillary wall and squeeze through the leaky holes
(diapedesis or extravasation) to phagocytose pathogens and damaged
cells.
Dendritic cells just under the surface of skin are also activated to
phagocytose foreign particles. Other B cells, T cells (specific) and the
complement system also squeeze through the capillary wall to create an
area of congestion.
Give an example of primary hyperthyroid disease.
Describe the pathophysiology and manifestations of this disease.
Give this one a try later!
