NR565 / NR565 week 1 Advanced Pharmacology
Fundamentals latest version with complete
solutions assured success
Terms in this set (60)
Pre-clincial Stage (Animal testing) of R&D
INDClinical (Safety and effectiveness)
Drug Development
R&DFinal Product Development
Process
Post-marketing
Variations in drug development process
1. Drug discovery
2. Biological characterization (drug action/ fate)
3. Pre-formulation studies
Preclinical stage of R&D
4. Initial formulations
5. Manufacturing and controls
6. Package label and design
Phase 1: Biological effects, safe dosage
Phase 2: New drug treats small amount of patients
Clinical Stage
Phase 3: Larger size, must be as good as or better
than others.
1. target identification and validation
2. hit identification and screening
Drug Discovery 3. lead identification and optimization
4. candidate preclinical and clinical drug
development
Drug response is continuous and gradual. The
Graded dose response concentration increases, the magnitude of the effect
increases
, -Graded - responses that can be measured (BP, HR,
Diuresis, Bronchodilation, Pain scale, Coma Score)
Types of Drug Response
-Quantal Effects- may or may not occur (convulsions,
pregnancy, rash, sleep, death)
Receptors exist in what 1) Inactive (R)2) Active (R*)Equilibrium favors inactive
two states? state (R)
Four major receptor 1) Ligand-gated ion channel
families- receptors are 2) G protein-coupled receptors
proteins that transduce 3) Enzyme-linked receptors
extracellular signals to 4) Intracellular receptors regulating gene expression
intracellular responses
- Rapid onset and short duration (muscle contraction)
Transmit signals across the cell membrane by
increasing the flow of ions and altering the electrical
potential or separation of charged ions across the
membrane
Ion Channel Receptors /
Gated ion channels Gated Ion Channel Receptors:
Open or close channels to allow certain ions to pass
through cell membrane.
A gated channel for a specific ion. The opening or
closing of such channels may alter a cell's membrane
potential.
-Found in cell membrane
G protein-coupled
-Made up of 3 major subunits (alpha α, beta β, gamma
receptors (Guanine
γ) and can have isotopes (variations)
nucleotide regulatory
Generate intracellular second messengers that trigger
proteins)
a change in cell function
Fundamentals latest version with complete
solutions assured success
Terms in this set (60)
Pre-clincial Stage (Animal testing) of R&D
INDClinical (Safety and effectiveness)
Drug Development
R&DFinal Product Development
Process
Post-marketing
Variations in drug development process
1. Drug discovery
2. Biological characterization (drug action/ fate)
3. Pre-formulation studies
Preclinical stage of R&D
4. Initial formulations
5. Manufacturing and controls
6. Package label and design
Phase 1: Biological effects, safe dosage
Phase 2: New drug treats small amount of patients
Clinical Stage
Phase 3: Larger size, must be as good as or better
than others.
1. target identification and validation
2. hit identification and screening
Drug Discovery 3. lead identification and optimization
4. candidate preclinical and clinical drug
development
Drug response is continuous and gradual. The
Graded dose response concentration increases, the magnitude of the effect
increases
, -Graded - responses that can be measured (BP, HR,
Diuresis, Bronchodilation, Pain scale, Coma Score)
Types of Drug Response
-Quantal Effects- may or may not occur (convulsions,
pregnancy, rash, sleep, death)
Receptors exist in what 1) Inactive (R)2) Active (R*)Equilibrium favors inactive
two states? state (R)
Four major receptor 1) Ligand-gated ion channel
families- receptors are 2) G protein-coupled receptors
proteins that transduce 3) Enzyme-linked receptors
extracellular signals to 4) Intracellular receptors regulating gene expression
intracellular responses
- Rapid onset and short duration (muscle contraction)
Transmit signals across the cell membrane by
increasing the flow of ions and altering the electrical
potential or separation of charged ions across the
membrane
Ion Channel Receptors /
Gated ion channels Gated Ion Channel Receptors:
Open or close channels to allow certain ions to pass
through cell membrane.
A gated channel for a specific ion. The opening or
closing of such channels may alter a cell's membrane
potential.
-Found in cell membrane
G protein-coupled
-Made up of 3 major subunits (alpha α, beta β, gamma
receptors (Guanine
γ) and can have isotopes (variations)
nucleotide regulatory
Generate intracellular second messengers that trigger
proteins)
a change in cell function
