LDR 201 FINAL EVALUATION EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS A+ 2025
✔✔Stocks of knowledge - ✔✔- personal taken for-granted assumptions that govern how
we view, interpret, and experience our individual worlds
- are both shaped through our life experiences and inherited through socialization
(taught to us by others
✔✔stereotype - ✔✔the most extreme and dangerous form of stocks of knowledge,
which is a rigid and oversimplified shortcut image or idea about a particular type of
person, group, or thing
- these lead to discrimination
✔✔Ideologies - ✔✔- broadly accepted set of embedded values, beliefs, biases, myths,
explanations, and justifications that reflect what the group as a whole believes to be true
- represent the collective beliefs for the majority or an entire populace
- are often but not always, stated explicitly in our creeds, laws, tenets, and statements of
belief
✔✔Leadership ethics theory - ✔✔- provides a system of rules or principles as a guide in
making decisions about what is right/wrong and good/bad in a specific situation or
context
- provides a basis for what it means to be a morally decent human
- focuses on conduct and character
- occurs in a holding environment where leaders provide trust, nurturance, and
empathy, which allows followers to face tough issues
✔✔Kohlberg's stages of moral development - ✔✔1. Preconventional level,
2. Conventional level,
3. Postconventional level
✔✔preconventional morality - ✔✔-private morality that focuses on consequences
- expect to find in young children
obey rules not because they understand the value of doing so or the moral obligation to
others, but because they want to avoid punishment
- self centered
****pseudotranformational leaders new progress past these stages****
✔✔Psedotransformational leadership - ✔✔Exploitative leadership that focuses on the
leaders own interests rather than the interests of followers
✔✔Conventional morality - ✔✔- where most adults find themselves--they look to others
for guidance on how to act and take actions that conforms with society's expectations of
them
- they do this without thinking about it (this is an internalized response)
, ✔✔Post-conventional - ✔✔-reserved for only the most principle amonng us and sould
be prerequisite to effective leadership
- individuals focus less on what society looks like now and more on what society should
look like in order to serve the greatest number of people
- makes decisions not based on what others do, but by following their own personally
developed moral compass
- their moral decisions tend to be unwavering, attached to larger universal principles of
justice, fairness
✔✔Ethical blindspots - ✔✔- Overestimating your own ethicality
- forgiving Unethical behavior
- favoritism
- Implicit prejudice
- judging based on outcomes (instead of process)
✔✔Overestimating your own ethicality - ✔✔Studies consistently show that, when it
comes to ethics, we tend to have an inflated opinion of ourselves.
✔✔Forgiving unethical behavior - ✔✔To relieve the cognitive dissonance we experience
when our actions fail to live up to our self-image, we tend yo rationalize or creare
explanations that excuse our unethical behavior
✔✔Favoritism - ✔✔Doing favors for friends, members of our in group, or people who
are like us , can result in discriminating against people who are different from us
✔✔Implicit prejudice - ✔✔individuals whoa re unaware of their own biases resort to
stereotyping and other discriminatory behavior (think back to what we talked about with
Critical social theory)
✔✔Judging based on outcomes (instead of process) - ✔✔when we judge based on
outcome alone, instead of looking at how we got to that outcome, we excuse immoral
behavior as a means to an end. Often, this comes Back to hurt us later
✔✔Why are ethics important for leaders? - ✔✔- leaders have an impact on the lives of
their followers (influence dimension)
- power and control differences
- Serve as role models
- must be sensitive to followers own interests and needs in order to gain their respect
- help establish and reinforce organizational values
- accomplish mutual goals
✔✔The toxic triangle - ✔✔1. Destructive Leaders
2. Susceptible Followers
- conformers
ANSWERS A+ 2025
✔✔Stocks of knowledge - ✔✔- personal taken for-granted assumptions that govern how
we view, interpret, and experience our individual worlds
- are both shaped through our life experiences and inherited through socialization
(taught to us by others
✔✔stereotype - ✔✔the most extreme and dangerous form of stocks of knowledge,
which is a rigid and oversimplified shortcut image or idea about a particular type of
person, group, or thing
- these lead to discrimination
✔✔Ideologies - ✔✔- broadly accepted set of embedded values, beliefs, biases, myths,
explanations, and justifications that reflect what the group as a whole believes to be true
- represent the collective beliefs for the majority or an entire populace
- are often but not always, stated explicitly in our creeds, laws, tenets, and statements of
belief
✔✔Leadership ethics theory - ✔✔- provides a system of rules or principles as a guide in
making decisions about what is right/wrong and good/bad in a specific situation or
context
- provides a basis for what it means to be a morally decent human
- focuses on conduct and character
- occurs in a holding environment where leaders provide trust, nurturance, and
empathy, which allows followers to face tough issues
✔✔Kohlberg's stages of moral development - ✔✔1. Preconventional level,
2. Conventional level,
3. Postconventional level
✔✔preconventional morality - ✔✔-private morality that focuses on consequences
- expect to find in young children
obey rules not because they understand the value of doing so or the moral obligation to
others, but because they want to avoid punishment
- self centered
****pseudotranformational leaders new progress past these stages****
✔✔Psedotransformational leadership - ✔✔Exploitative leadership that focuses on the
leaders own interests rather than the interests of followers
✔✔Conventional morality - ✔✔- where most adults find themselves--they look to others
for guidance on how to act and take actions that conforms with society's expectations of
them
- they do this without thinking about it (this is an internalized response)
, ✔✔Post-conventional - ✔✔-reserved for only the most principle amonng us and sould
be prerequisite to effective leadership
- individuals focus less on what society looks like now and more on what society should
look like in order to serve the greatest number of people
- makes decisions not based on what others do, but by following their own personally
developed moral compass
- their moral decisions tend to be unwavering, attached to larger universal principles of
justice, fairness
✔✔Ethical blindspots - ✔✔- Overestimating your own ethicality
- forgiving Unethical behavior
- favoritism
- Implicit prejudice
- judging based on outcomes (instead of process)
✔✔Overestimating your own ethicality - ✔✔Studies consistently show that, when it
comes to ethics, we tend to have an inflated opinion of ourselves.
✔✔Forgiving unethical behavior - ✔✔To relieve the cognitive dissonance we experience
when our actions fail to live up to our self-image, we tend yo rationalize or creare
explanations that excuse our unethical behavior
✔✔Favoritism - ✔✔Doing favors for friends, members of our in group, or people who
are like us , can result in discriminating against people who are different from us
✔✔Implicit prejudice - ✔✔individuals whoa re unaware of their own biases resort to
stereotyping and other discriminatory behavior (think back to what we talked about with
Critical social theory)
✔✔Judging based on outcomes (instead of process) - ✔✔when we judge based on
outcome alone, instead of looking at how we got to that outcome, we excuse immoral
behavior as a means to an end. Often, this comes Back to hurt us later
✔✔Why are ethics important for leaders? - ✔✔- leaders have an impact on the lives of
their followers (influence dimension)
- power and control differences
- Serve as role models
- must be sensitive to followers own interests and needs in order to gain their respect
- help establish and reinforce organizational values
- accomplish mutual goals
✔✔The toxic triangle - ✔✔1. Destructive Leaders
2. Susceptible Followers
- conformers
