IVCA FINAL EXAM EVALUATION QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS 2025 A+
✔✔The lumbosacral motion unit of the equine consists of - ✔✔1 disc joint
2 Zygapophyseal joints
2 Intertransverse joints
5 Total articulating joints
✔✔The lumbosacral motion unit of the canine consists of - ✔✔1 disc joint
2 Zygapophyseal joints
3 total articulating joints
✔✔What is the most common pelvic fracture? - ✔✔Iliac
✔✔80% of stabilization of a joint is achieved by - ✔✔muscles
✔✔Muscle cells are nurtured by - ✔✔1) glucose
2) Oxygen
3) assimilation of nutrients
✔✔The health of a neuron depends on - ✔✔1) Glucose
2) oxygen
3) frequency of firing
✔✔The most important strength of muscle is dependent on - ✔✔high frequency of firing
of motor neurons
✔✔The frequency of firing of a neuron is dependent on the - ✔✔frequency of firing of it
PRESYNAPTIC neuron receptor
✔✔Nerve signals are transmitted from one neuron to another thru - ✔✔synapses
✔✔The job of a synapse is - ✔✔microvoltage
✔✔Transmitter substances are released into the - ✔✔synaptic cleft
✔✔What causes nerves to fire? - ✔✔stimulation of sensory receptors
✔✔Number one input an animal recieves - ✔✔gravity sensation
✔✔Number two input an animal recieves - ✔✔from their senses
,✔✔An action potential is created along - ✔✔post synaptic neural membrane
✔✔What micro voltage allows for action potential? - ✔✔-40mV
✔✔Action potentials are - ✔✔all or nothing
✔✔Once an action potential is elicited, another one CANNOT be created for a short
time, this is called - ✔✔refractory period
✔✔Depolarization - ✔✔The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing
into the cell causing the interior to become more positive. (raises micro voltage from -
65mV to -40mV)
✔✔What is the resting membrane potential? - ✔✔-65 mV
✔✔Hyperpolarization - ✔✔membrane potential becomes more negative, action potential
is difficult here
✔✔Depolarization is what type of stimulation? - ✔✔Excitatory
✔✔Hyper polarization is what type of stimulation? - ✔✔Inhibitory
✔✔Mechanoreceptors - ✔✔are large in diameter and FAST
✔✔Nociceptors - ✔✔are small in diameter and SLOW
✔✔muscle spindles - ✔✔receptors sensitive to change in LENGTH of the muscle and
the rate of that change
1A fibers (FASTEST)
✔✔All sensory input is - ✔✔excitatory
✔✔All brain input is - ✔✔inhibitory
✔✔90% of all sensory input is in the form of - ✔✔movement
✔✔Three important properties of ion channels - ✔✔1) rapidly conduct ions
2) recognize and select specific ions
3) gated channels
✔✔spatial summation - ✔✔excitation of many terminals at the same time
✔✔temporal summation - ✔✔increasing the frequency of firing of excitatory terminals
, ✔✔The development of dendritic and axonal feedback loops to increase summation is -
✔✔plasticity
✔✔The sense of where one's own body and parts are in space while at rest and without
vision is - ✔✔Proprioception
✔✔Golgi tendon organs - ✔✔Receptors sensitive to fast or long sustained stretch in the
muscle, high protective mechanism
✔✔Deformation receptors - ✔✔located in the joint capsule, and sense the position of
the joint
✔✔Nociception - ✔✔perception of pain or itch
✔✔noxious stimuli - ✔✔A stimulus that is damaging or threatens damage to normal
tissues.
✔✔types of nociceptors - ✔✔mechanical, thermal, chemical, polymodal
✔✔The frequency of firing of a neuron is dependent on the firing of its - ✔✔PRE
SYNAPTIC NEURON
✔✔The nervous system is a - ✔✔multi modal system
✔✔Modulation - ✔✔the checks and balances from different areas in the nervous system
✔✔The sum total of firings is called - ✔✔central integrated state of neuron
✔✔What is the most efficient way to treat a malfunctioning joint mechanics or injury? -
✔✔Change the sensory input through a chiropractic adjustment
✔✔Sensory information - ✔✔Diverges and is Afferent
✔✔Motor information - ✔✔Converges and is Efferent
✔✔What are the components of an an adjustment - ✔✔1) PP
2) DS
3) CP
4) SCP
5) LOC
6) Specific thrust
7) Stabilization
SOLUTIONS 2025 A+
✔✔The lumbosacral motion unit of the equine consists of - ✔✔1 disc joint
2 Zygapophyseal joints
2 Intertransverse joints
5 Total articulating joints
✔✔The lumbosacral motion unit of the canine consists of - ✔✔1 disc joint
2 Zygapophyseal joints
3 total articulating joints
✔✔What is the most common pelvic fracture? - ✔✔Iliac
✔✔80% of stabilization of a joint is achieved by - ✔✔muscles
✔✔Muscle cells are nurtured by - ✔✔1) glucose
2) Oxygen
3) assimilation of nutrients
✔✔The health of a neuron depends on - ✔✔1) Glucose
2) oxygen
3) frequency of firing
✔✔The most important strength of muscle is dependent on - ✔✔high frequency of firing
of motor neurons
✔✔The frequency of firing of a neuron is dependent on the - ✔✔frequency of firing of it
PRESYNAPTIC neuron receptor
✔✔Nerve signals are transmitted from one neuron to another thru - ✔✔synapses
✔✔The job of a synapse is - ✔✔microvoltage
✔✔Transmitter substances are released into the - ✔✔synaptic cleft
✔✔What causes nerves to fire? - ✔✔stimulation of sensory receptors
✔✔Number one input an animal recieves - ✔✔gravity sensation
✔✔Number two input an animal recieves - ✔✔from their senses
,✔✔An action potential is created along - ✔✔post synaptic neural membrane
✔✔What micro voltage allows for action potential? - ✔✔-40mV
✔✔Action potentials are - ✔✔all or nothing
✔✔Once an action potential is elicited, another one CANNOT be created for a short
time, this is called - ✔✔refractory period
✔✔Depolarization - ✔✔The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing
into the cell causing the interior to become more positive. (raises micro voltage from -
65mV to -40mV)
✔✔What is the resting membrane potential? - ✔✔-65 mV
✔✔Hyperpolarization - ✔✔membrane potential becomes more negative, action potential
is difficult here
✔✔Depolarization is what type of stimulation? - ✔✔Excitatory
✔✔Hyper polarization is what type of stimulation? - ✔✔Inhibitory
✔✔Mechanoreceptors - ✔✔are large in diameter and FAST
✔✔Nociceptors - ✔✔are small in diameter and SLOW
✔✔muscle spindles - ✔✔receptors sensitive to change in LENGTH of the muscle and
the rate of that change
1A fibers (FASTEST)
✔✔All sensory input is - ✔✔excitatory
✔✔All brain input is - ✔✔inhibitory
✔✔90% of all sensory input is in the form of - ✔✔movement
✔✔Three important properties of ion channels - ✔✔1) rapidly conduct ions
2) recognize and select specific ions
3) gated channels
✔✔spatial summation - ✔✔excitation of many terminals at the same time
✔✔temporal summation - ✔✔increasing the frequency of firing of excitatory terminals
, ✔✔The development of dendritic and axonal feedback loops to increase summation is -
✔✔plasticity
✔✔The sense of where one's own body and parts are in space while at rest and without
vision is - ✔✔Proprioception
✔✔Golgi tendon organs - ✔✔Receptors sensitive to fast or long sustained stretch in the
muscle, high protective mechanism
✔✔Deformation receptors - ✔✔located in the joint capsule, and sense the position of
the joint
✔✔Nociception - ✔✔perception of pain or itch
✔✔noxious stimuli - ✔✔A stimulus that is damaging or threatens damage to normal
tissues.
✔✔types of nociceptors - ✔✔mechanical, thermal, chemical, polymodal
✔✔The frequency of firing of a neuron is dependent on the firing of its - ✔✔PRE
SYNAPTIC NEURON
✔✔The nervous system is a - ✔✔multi modal system
✔✔Modulation - ✔✔the checks and balances from different areas in the nervous system
✔✔The sum total of firings is called - ✔✔central integrated state of neuron
✔✔What is the most efficient way to treat a malfunctioning joint mechanics or injury? -
✔✔Change the sensory input through a chiropractic adjustment
✔✔Sensory information - ✔✔Diverges and is Afferent
✔✔Motor information - ✔✔Converges and is Efferent
✔✔What are the components of an an adjustment - ✔✔1) PP
2) DS
3) CP
4) SCP
5) LOC
6) Specific thrust
7) Stabilization
