WGU C836 OA /WGU C836 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM
bounds checking - (answer) to set a limit on the amount of data we expect to receive to set aside
storage for that data
*required in most programming languages
* prevents buffer overflows
race conditions - (answer) A type of software development vulnerability that occurs when multiple
processes or multiple threads within a process control or share access to a particular resource, and the
correct handling of that resource depends on the proper ordering or timing of transactions
input validation - (answer) a type of attack that can occur when we fail to validate the input to our
applications or take steps to filter out unexpected or undesirable content
format string attack - (answer) a type of input validation attacks in which certain print functions within
a programming language can be used to manipulate or view the internal memory of an application
authentication attack - (answer) A type of attack that can occur when we fail to use strong
authentication mechanisms for our applications
authorization attack - (answer) A type of attack that can occur when we fail to use authorization best
practices for our applications
cryptographic attack - (answer) A type of attack that can occur when we fail to properly design our
security mechanisms when implementing cryptographic controls in our applications
client-side attack - (answer) A type of attack that takes advantage of weaknesses in the software loaded
on client machines or one that uses social engineering techniques to trick us into going along with the
attack
XSS (Cross Site Scripting) - (answer) an attack carried out by placing code in the form of a scripting
language into a web page or other media that is interpreted by a client browser
,WGU C836 OA /WGU C836 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM
XSRF (cross-site request forgery) - (answer) an attack in which the attacker places a link on a web page
in such a way that it will be automatically executed to initiate a particular activity on another web page
or application where the user is currently authenticated
SQL Injection Attack - (answer) Attacks against a web site that take advantage of vulnerabilities in
poorly coded SQL (a standard and common database software application) applications in order to
introduce malicious program code into a company's systems and networks.
clickjacking - (answer) An attack that takes advantage of the graphical display capabilities of our
browser to trick us into clicking on something we might not otherwise
server-side attack - (answer) A type of attack on the web server that can target vulnerabilities such as
lack of input validation, improper or inadequate permissions, or extraneous files left on the server from
the development process
Protocol issues, unauthenticated access, arbitrary code execution, and privilege escalation - (answer)
Name the 4 main categories of database security issues
web application analysis tool - (answer) A type of tool that analyzes web pages or web-based
applications and searches for common flaws such as XSS or SQL injection flaws, and improperly set
permissions, extraneous files, outdated software versions, and many more such items
protocol issues - (answer) unauthenticated flaws in network protocols, authenticated flaws in network
protocols, flaws in authentication protocols
arbitrary code execution - (answer) An attack that exploits an applications vulnerability into allowing
the attacker to execute commands on a user's computer.
* arbitrary code execution in intrinsic or securable SQL elements
Privilege Escalation - (answer) An attack that exploits a vulnerability in software to gain access to
resources that the user normally would be restricted from accessing.
* via SQL injection or local issues
, WGU C836 OA /WGU C836 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM
validating user inputs - (answer) a security best practice for all software
* the most effective way of mitigating SQL injection attacks
Nikto (and Wikto) - (answer) A web server analysis tool that performs checks for many common server-
side vulnerabilities & creates an index of all the files and directories it can see on the target web server
(a process known as spidering)
burp suite - (answer) A well-known GUI web analysis tool that offers a free and professional version;
the pro version includes advanced tools for conducting more in-depth attacks
fuzzer - (answer) A type of tool that works by bombarding our applications with all manner of data and
inputs from a wide variety of sources, in the hope that we can cause the application to fail or to perform
in unexpected ways
MiniFuzz File Fuzzer - (answer) A tool developed by Microsoft to find flaws in file-handling source code
BinScope Binary Analyzer - (answer) A tool developed by Microsoft to examine source code for general
good practices
SDL Regex Fuzzer - (answer) A tool developed by Microsoft for testing certain pattern-matching
expressions for potential vulnerabilities
good sources of secure coding guidelines - (answer) CERT, NIST 800, BSI, an organization's internal
coding guidelines
OS hardening - (answer) the process of reducing the number of available avenues through which our
OS might be attacked
attack surface - (answer) The total of the areas through which our operating system might be attacked
6 main hardening categories - (answer) 1. Removing unnecessary software
2. Removing or turning off unessential services
bounds checking - (answer) to set a limit on the amount of data we expect to receive to set aside
storage for that data
*required in most programming languages
* prevents buffer overflows
race conditions - (answer) A type of software development vulnerability that occurs when multiple
processes or multiple threads within a process control or share access to a particular resource, and the
correct handling of that resource depends on the proper ordering or timing of transactions
input validation - (answer) a type of attack that can occur when we fail to validate the input to our
applications or take steps to filter out unexpected or undesirable content
format string attack - (answer) a type of input validation attacks in which certain print functions within
a programming language can be used to manipulate or view the internal memory of an application
authentication attack - (answer) A type of attack that can occur when we fail to use strong
authentication mechanisms for our applications
authorization attack - (answer) A type of attack that can occur when we fail to use authorization best
practices for our applications
cryptographic attack - (answer) A type of attack that can occur when we fail to properly design our
security mechanisms when implementing cryptographic controls in our applications
client-side attack - (answer) A type of attack that takes advantage of weaknesses in the software loaded
on client machines or one that uses social engineering techniques to trick us into going along with the
attack
XSS (Cross Site Scripting) - (answer) an attack carried out by placing code in the form of a scripting
language into a web page or other media that is interpreted by a client browser
,WGU C836 OA /WGU C836 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM
XSRF (cross-site request forgery) - (answer) an attack in which the attacker places a link on a web page
in such a way that it will be automatically executed to initiate a particular activity on another web page
or application where the user is currently authenticated
SQL Injection Attack - (answer) Attacks against a web site that take advantage of vulnerabilities in
poorly coded SQL (a standard and common database software application) applications in order to
introduce malicious program code into a company's systems and networks.
clickjacking - (answer) An attack that takes advantage of the graphical display capabilities of our
browser to trick us into clicking on something we might not otherwise
server-side attack - (answer) A type of attack on the web server that can target vulnerabilities such as
lack of input validation, improper or inadequate permissions, or extraneous files left on the server from
the development process
Protocol issues, unauthenticated access, arbitrary code execution, and privilege escalation - (answer)
Name the 4 main categories of database security issues
web application analysis tool - (answer) A type of tool that analyzes web pages or web-based
applications and searches for common flaws such as XSS or SQL injection flaws, and improperly set
permissions, extraneous files, outdated software versions, and many more such items
protocol issues - (answer) unauthenticated flaws in network protocols, authenticated flaws in network
protocols, flaws in authentication protocols
arbitrary code execution - (answer) An attack that exploits an applications vulnerability into allowing
the attacker to execute commands on a user's computer.
* arbitrary code execution in intrinsic or securable SQL elements
Privilege Escalation - (answer) An attack that exploits a vulnerability in software to gain access to
resources that the user normally would be restricted from accessing.
* via SQL injection or local issues
, WGU C836 OA /WGU C836 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM
validating user inputs - (answer) a security best practice for all software
* the most effective way of mitigating SQL injection attacks
Nikto (and Wikto) - (answer) A web server analysis tool that performs checks for many common server-
side vulnerabilities & creates an index of all the files and directories it can see on the target web server
(a process known as spidering)
burp suite - (answer) A well-known GUI web analysis tool that offers a free and professional version;
the pro version includes advanced tools for conducting more in-depth attacks
fuzzer - (answer) A type of tool that works by bombarding our applications with all manner of data and
inputs from a wide variety of sources, in the hope that we can cause the application to fail or to perform
in unexpected ways
MiniFuzz File Fuzzer - (answer) A tool developed by Microsoft to find flaws in file-handling source code
BinScope Binary Analyzer - (answer) A tool developed by Microsoft to examine source code for general
good practices
SDL Regex Fuzzer - (answer) A tool developed by Microsoft for testing certain pattern-matching
expressions for potential vulnerabilities
good sources of secure coding guidelines - (answer) CERT, NIST 800, BSI, an organization's internal
coding guidelines
OS hardening - (answer) the process of reducing the number of available avenues through which our
OS might be attacked
attack surface - (answer) The total of the areas through which our operating system might be attacked
6 main hardening categories - (answer) 1. Removing unnecessary software
2. Removing or turning off unessential services
