SPEX303 EXAM 2025 NEWEST ACTUAL
EXAM 250+ QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+
What is the focus of the paper? - ANSWER>>Understand how the human
body maintains itself and performs work
Direct calorimetry measures energy utilisation through? - ANSWER>>Heat
production
Indirect calorimetry measures energy utilisation through? -
ANSWER>>Respiratory Gas exchange
What are some limitations to indirect calorimetry? - ANSWER>>Dead
space in tube, lag of measurements from long tube
Aerobic metabolism used directly how? - ANSWER>>Resynthesis of ATP
Aerobic metabolism used indirectly how? - ANSWER>>Replete anaerobic
sources of ATP (CrP)
What happens to elements of water ingested (doubly labelled water)? In
what forms is it excreted? - ANSWER>>Hydrogen excreted through urine
Oxygen comes out mainly through CO2
,Where is most nitrogen excreted from the body? - ANSWER>>Urine and
sweat
During anaerobic metabolism, extra CO2 comes from? -
ANSWER>>Metabolic acidosis - more H+ produced, keeping pH around 7
(buffer system)
What does Southland Cycling Study tell you about effects of exercise on
body comp? - ANSWER>>Exercise can be positive on maintenance of
FFM
Effects of Exercise on RMR - ANSWER>>Increased (5-15%) with intensive
exercise for 24-48hr: if exercise is repeated w/in 24-48h, remains elevated
Can be as much as 400-800 kJ/day
Athletes vs sedentary have as much as 5-20% greater RMR, even after
adjusting for FFM
Little, if any, long-lasting increase following low intensity exercise
Effects of Training on Total Energy Expenditure - ANSWER>>Some
crosssectional studies have shown athletes to be more energy efficient (i.e.
lower energy intake/amount expended)
Do endurance trained females adapt to lose less energy? -
ANSWER>>Some studies show endurance trained much more efficient
overall than untrained.
Increased efficiency of movement has been shown, but not large effect on
TEE, most trained, in training use more E regardless.
,What influences fuel selection? - ANSWER>>Energy needs (i.e. rate of
ATP needed)
Amounts stored in muscle, circulation
Contraction (Ca++)
Hormones, sympathetic NS
Enzyme activities
Aerobic capacity and blood flow
Transporter molecules
Fat Metabolism differences from CHO - ANSWER>>Less ATP/sec
More O2/ATP
Only used aerobically
Not maximised immediately
Greater storage
Increased w exercise duration
Increased w training, at given intensity
CHO Metabolism differences from Fat - ANSWER>>More ATP/sec
Less O2/ATP
Used aerobically and anaerobically
Limited glycogen stores
Increased w increasing intensity
Decreased w training at given intensity
Fat and CHO Metabolism Similarities - ANSWER>>Greater capacity with
training
Break down products can be metabolised in Krebs Cycle
, Low E state of cell enhances release from storage and oxidation
Sympathetic drive and Adren/NorAdren from adrenal glands enhances
release from storage (fatty acids & glucose from glycogen)
Describe demands of Anaerobic Glycolysis - ANSWER>>As exercise
intensity increases, more NADH2 formed than can be oxidised in ETC/oxid
phosphorylation . Continued metabolism via glycolysis requires NAD+
reformed and H2 to be accepted by another molecule. Hence, temporary
reduction of pyruvic acid to form lactic acid.
Reaction increases with increasing energy demands
When and how is Pyruvate reformed? - ANSWER>>At rest after exercise,
or in a different cell
As exercise intensity drops to a level at which NADH canbee oxidised,
lactic acid is oxidised back to pyruvic acid, allowing the oxidative
metabolism of pyruvate to proceed
Where does the glucose utilised in muscle come from? -
ANSWER>>Muscle and liver
Where does the fat utilised in exercise come from? - ANSWER>>Skeletal
muscle and adipose tissue
How does eating affect substrate use? - ANSWER>>What we eat can
supply some substrates - eating carbs get glucose into bloodstream via
effects of hormones
- liver has ability to push glucose into bloodstream
EXAM 250+ QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+
What is the focus of the paper? - ANSWER>>Understand how the human
body maintains itself and performs work
Direct calorimetry measures energy utilisation through? - ANSWER>>Heat
production
Indirect calorimetry measures energy utilisation through? -
ANSWER>>Respiratory Gas exchange
What are some limitations to indirect calorimetry? - ANSWER>>Dead
space in tube, lag of measurements from long tube
Aerobic metabolism used directly how? - ANSWER>>Resynthesis of ATP
Aerobic metabolism used indirectly how? - ANSWER>>Replete anaerobic
sources of ATP (CrP)
What happens to elements of water ingested (doubly labelled water)? In
what forms is it excreted? - ANSWER>>Hydrogen excreted through urine
Oxygen comes out mainly through CO2
,Where is most nitrogen excreted from the body? - ANSWER>>Urine and
sweat
During anaerobic metabolism, extra CO2 comes from? -
ANSWER>>Metabolic acidosis - more H+ produced, keeping pH around 7
(buffer system)
What does Southland Cycling Study tell you about effects of exercise on
body comp? - ANSWER>>Exercise can be positive on maintenance of
FFM
Effects of Exercise on RMR - ANSWER>>Increased (5-15%) with intensive
exercise for 24-48hr: if exercise is repeated w/in 24-48h, remains elevated
Can be as much as 400-800 kJ/day
Athletes vs sedentary have as much as 5-20% greater RMR, even after
adjusting for FFM
Little, if any, long-lasting increase following low intensity exercise
Effects of Training on Total Energy Expenditure - ANSWER>>Some
crosssectional studies have shown athletes to be more energy efficient (i.e.
lower energy intake/amount expended)
Do endurance trained females adapt to lose less energy? -
ANSWER>>Some studies show endurance trained much more efficient
overall than untrained.
Increased efficiency of movement has been shown, but not large effect on
TEE, most trained, in training use more E regardless.
,What influences fuel selection? - ANSWER>>Energy needs (i.e. rate of
ATP needed)
Amounts stored in muscle, circulation
Contraction (Ca++)
Hormones, sympathetic NS
Enzyme activities
Aerobic capacity and blood flow
Transporter molecules
Fat Metabolism differences from CHO - ANSWER>>Less ATP/sec
More O2/ATP
Only used aerobically
Not maximised immediately
Greater storage
Increased w exercise duration
Increased w training, at given intensity
CHO Metabolism differences from Fat - ANSWER>>More ATP/sec
Less O2/ATP
Used aerobically and anaerobically
Limited glycogen stores
Increased w increasing intensity
Decreased w training at given intensity
Fat and CHO Metabolism Similarities - ANSWER>>Greater capacity with
training
Break down products can be metabolised in Krebs Cycle
, Low E state of cell enhances release from storage and oxidation
Sympathetic drive and Adren/NorAdren from adrenal glands enhances
release from storage (fatty acids & glucose from glycogen)
Describe demands of Anaerobic Glycolysis - ANSWER>>As exercise
intensity increases, more NADH2 formed than can be oxidised in ETC/oxid
phosphorylation . Continued metabolism via glycolysis requires NAD+
reformed and H2 to be accepted by another molecule. Hence, temporary
reduction of pyruvic acid to form lactic acid.
Reaction increases with increasing energy demands
When and how is Pyruvate reformed? - ANSWER>>At rest after exercise,
or in a different cell
As exercise intensity drops to a level at which NADH canbee oxidised,
lactic acid is oxidised back to pyruvic acid, allowing the oxidative
metabolism of pyruvate to proceed
Where does the glucose utilised in muscle come from? -
ANSWER>>Muscle and liver
Where does the fat utilised in exercise come from? - ANSWER>>Skeletal
muscle and adipose tissue
How does eating affect substrate use? - ANSWER>>What we eat can
supply some substrates - eating carbs get glucose into bloodstream via
effects of hormones
- liver has ability to push glucose into bloodstream
