GCH 205 FINAL EVALUATION CORE QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS 2025 GRADED A+
✔✔Secondary Prevention - detection of health problems in asymptomatic individuals at
early stage when no significant damage was caused yet
✔✔Tertiary prevention - reduce impairment, minimize pain, restore function with
symptomatic cases
✔✔Etiology - cause of disease/condition
✔✔Proximal cause - most immediate
✔✔Distal Cause - social, environmental, factor that contributes to causal pathway
✔✔Multicausality - causal pathway in which many risk factors contribute to an adverse
event
✔✔Exposure - personal characteristic, behavior, environmental encounter, that might
change likelihood of developing a condition
✔✔Risk Factor - an exposure that increases likelihood of experiencing a particular
health outcome
✔✔Primordial prevention - lifestyle habits and environmental conditions that prevent risk
factors for adverse health events from happening
✔✔Causation - exposure directly causes outcome
✔✔Causal factor - exposure that was scientifically tested and shown to occur before
disease and contribute directly to occurrence
✔✔Association - statistical relationship between 2 variables
✔✔Bradford Hill Criteria - set of conditions that provide support for existence of a causal
relationship between exposure and outcome (ie strength of association, presence of
dose-response consistency across studies)
✔✔Nonmodifiable risk factor - cannot be changed through health interventions
✔✔Modifiable risk factor - can be avoided/mitigated
✔✔Behavioral risk factor - behavior that can be stopped, adopted, or changed to reduce
risk
, ✔✔health transition - Shift in health status of a population, usually occurs in conjunction
with socioeconomic development
✔✔Risk transition - health transition characterized by shift from exposures like
undernutrition to obesity
✔✔Health disparity - avoidable difference in health status between population groups
✔✔International health - efforts to alleviate poverty related health conditions in lower
income countries not just the tropics
✔✔Globalization - countries around the world becoming more integrated/
interdependent across economic, political, cultural domains
✔✔Pathogen - bacterium, virus, that can cause a disease
✔✔Human Security - freedom from fear/want that results from having food, health,
environmental, etc
✔✔Global Health Security - Public Health Interventions implemented by
governmental/military personnel to protect populations from threats to health safety
✔✔Burden of Disease - Adverse impact of a particular health condition on a population
✔✔Millenium Development Goals - 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development
✔✔Target - specific, measurable objective that contributes to achieving a goal
✔✔Indicator - Variable used to measure performance, achievement, change
✔✔Sustainable Development Goals - 17 goals endorsed by UN for end of 2030
✔✔Benchmark - standard or point of reference
✔✔Statistic - measured characteristic of a sample population
SOLUTIONS 2025 GRADED A+
✔✔Secondary Prevention - detection of health problems in asymptomatic individuals at
early stage when no significant damage was caused yet
✔✔Tertiary prevention - reduce impairment, minimize pain, restore function with
symptomatic cases
✔✔Etiology - cause of disease/condition
✔✔Proximal cause - most immediate
✔✔Distal Cause - social, environmental, factor that contributes to causal pathway
✔✔Multicausality - causal pathway in which many risk factors contribute to an adverse
event
✔✔Exposure - personal characteristic, behavior, environmental encounter, that might
change likelihood of developing a condition
✔✔Risk Factor - an exposure that increases likelihood of experiencing a particular
health outcome
✔✔Primordial prevention - lifestyle habits and environmental conditions that prevent risk
factors for adverse health events from happening
✔✔Causation - exposure directly causes outcome
✔✔Causal factor - exposure that was scientifically tested and shown to occur before
disease and contribute directly to occurrence
✔✔Association - statistical relationship between 2 variables
✔✔Bradford Hill Criteria - set of conditions that provide support for existence of a causal
relationship between exposure and outcome (ie strength of association, presence of
dose-response consistency across studies)
✔✔Nonmodifiable risk factor - cannot be changed through health interventions
✔✔Modifiable risk factor - can be avoided/mitigated
✔✔Behavioral risk factor - behavior that can be stopped, adopted, or changed to reduce
risk
, ✔✔health transition - Shift in health status of a population, usually occurs in conjunction
with socioeconomic development
✔✔Risk transition - health transition characterized by shift from exposures like
undernutrition to obesity
✔✔Health disparity - avoidable difference in health status between population groups
✔✔International health - efforts to alleviate poverty related health conditions in lower
income countries not just the tropics
✔✔Globalization - countries around the world becoming more integrated/
interdependent across economic, political, cultural domains
✔✔Pathogen - bacterium, virus, that can cause a disease
✔✔Human Security - freedom from fear/want that results from having food, health,
environmental, etc
✔✔Global Health Security - Public Health Interventions implemented by
governmental/military personnel to protect populations from threats to health safety
✔✔Burden of Disease - Adverse impact of a particular health condition on a population
✔✔Millenium Development Goals - 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development
✔✔Target - specific, measurable objective that contributes to achieving a goal
✔✔Indicator - Variable used to measure performance, achievement, change
✔✔Sustainable Development Goals - 17 goals endorsed by UN for end of 2030
✔✔Benchmark - standard or point of reference
✔✔Statistic - measured characteristic of a sample population
