Essential Cell Bio- Exam 1
ions - ANS-atoms that gains electrons or lose electrons and become charged
ionic bond - ANS-bond created from opposite charges; a salt and a non-salt bonded
electrostatic attraction - ANS-attractive force between oppositely charged atoms, weak in water
covalent bonds - ANS-electrons are shared between atoms
bond strength - ANS-measurement of energy required to break a bond
hydrogen bonds - ANS-electrical attraction between H atoms; these are weak, short term bonds
easily broken by heat
hydrophilic - ANS-water loving
hydrophobic - ANS-water fearing
hydronium ion (H3O+) - ANS-water molecule with a proton (an H) added onto it
condensation reaction - ANS-bond is formed between two -OH groups, water is created
hydrolysis reaction - ANS-reverse of condensation, a bond breaks, water is consumed
fatty acid - ANS-hydrocarbon chain (hydrophobic, not reactive) + carboxyl (COOH) group
(acidic, hydrophilic, reactive)
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - ANS-ribonucleotide energy carrier that is formed through
reactions driven by energy released by the breakdown of food stuffs
macromolecules - ANS-polymers that are constructed simply by covalently linking small organic
molecules
monomers - ANS-small organic molecules. subunits
polymers - ANS-long chains of subunits
van der Waals attractions - ANS-form of electrical attraction caused by fluctuating electrical
charges that arise when atoms are very close to each other
, hydrophobic interaction - ANS-noncovalent bond which forces hydrophobic groups together in
order to minimize their disruptive effect on hydrogen-bonded networks
metabolism - ANS-sum total of all the chemical reactions needed for a cell to survive, grow,
reproduce
catabolism - ANS-process of breaking down foodstuffs into smaller molecules, thereby creating
energy for the cell
anabolism - ANS-process which uses energy in the cell the drive the synthesis of molecules
2nd law of thermodynamics - ANS-in the universe or an isolated system the degree of disorder
increases
entropy - ANS-measurement of a system's disorder
1st law of thermodynamics - ANS-energy is converted to different forms but never created or
destroyed
photosynthesis - ANS-electromagnetic energy in sunlight--> chemical bond energy in cells
photosynthesis reaction - ANS-6 CO2+ 6 H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
cellular respiration - ANS-energy obtained from sugars/other organic molecules --> energy for
cell to use in other processes
cellular respiration reaction - ANS-C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 (g) → 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l)
glucose = oxidized, Oxygen = reduced - ANS-what reactant are oxidized and reduced in cellular
respiration
oxidation - ANS-addition of oxygen/ removal of electrons to a molecule
reduction - ANS-addition of electrons to a molecule
activation energy - ANS-the boost a molecule requires to get over an energy barrier and
undergo a chemical reaction
catalyst - ANS-substance that increases the rate of chemical reactions and kicks substrates
over energy barriers
free energy - ANS-term for increase in disorder (increase in disorder = negative)
ions - ANS-atoms that gains electrons or lose electrons and become charged
ionic bond - ANS-bond created from opposite charges; a salt and a non-salt bonded
electrostatic attraction - ANS-attractive force between oppositely charged atoms, weak in water
covalent bonds - ANS-electrons are shared between atoms
bond strength - ANS-measurement of energy required to break a bond
hydrogen bonds - ANS-electrical attraction between H atoms; these are weak, short term bonds
easily broken by heat
hydrophilic - ANS-water loving
hydrophobic - ANS-water fearing
hydronium ion (H3O+) - ANS-water molecule with a proton (an H) added onto it
condensation reaction - ANS-bond is formed between two -OH groups, water is created
hydrolysis reaction - ANS-reverse of condensation, a bond breaks, water is consumed
fatty acid - ANS-hydrocarbon chain (hydrophobic, not reactive) + carboxyl (COOH) group
(acidic, hydrophilic, reactive)
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - ANS-ribonucleotide energy carrier that is formed through
reactions driven by energy released by the breakdown of food stuffs
macromolecules - ANS-polymers that are constructed simply by covalently linking small organic
molecules
monomers - ANS-small organic molecules. subunits
polymers - ANS-long chains of subunits
van der Waals attractions - ANS-form of electrical attraction caused by fluctuating electrical
charges that arise when atoms are very close to each other
, hydrophobic interaction - ANS-noncovalent bond which forces hydrophobic groups together in
order to minimize their disruptive effect on hydrogen-bonded networks
metabolism - ANS-sum total of all the chemical reactions needed for a cell to survive, grow,
reproduce
catabolism - ANS-process of breaking down foodstuffs into smaller molecules, thereby creating
energy for the cell
anabolism - ANS-process which uses energy in the cell the drive the synthesis of molecules
2nd law of thermodynamics - ANS-in the universe or an isolated system the degree of disorder
increases
entropy - ANS-measurement of a system's disorder
1st law of thermodynamics - ANS-energy is converted to different forms but never created or
destroyed
photosynthesis - ANS-electromagnetic energy in sunlight--> chemical bond energy in cells
photosynthesis reaction - ANS-6 CO2+ 6 H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
cellular respiration - ANS-energy obtained from sugars/other organic molecules --> energy for
cell to use in other processes
cellular respiration reaction - ANS-C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 (g) → 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l)
glucose = oxidized, Oxygen = reduced - ANS-what reactant are oxidized and reduced in cellular
respiration
oxidation - ANS-addition of oxygen/ removal of electrons to a molecule
reduction - ANS-addition of electrons to a molecule
activation energy - ANS-the boost a molecule requires to get over an energy barrier and
undergo a chemical reaction
catalyst - ANS-substance that increases the rate of chemical reactions and kicks substrates
over energy barriers
free energy - ANS-term for increase in disorder (increase in disorder = negative)
