Nu545 Chapter 1 Exam Questions With Complete Solutions Graded A+

NU545 CHAPTER 1 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ autocrine chemical signaling - Answer-produces signals that they themself responds to? three - Answer-in how many different ways do cells communicate? 1st cellular communication - Answer-display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact 2nd cellular communication - Answer-affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter the cells to bind to them 3rd cellular communication - Answer-form protein channels/gap junctions that directly coordinate the activities of adjacent cells how is glucsoe transported from the blood to the cell? - Answer-via passive mediated mechanism using a uniport protein transporter down a transportation gradient with no energy expenditure adenosine triphosphatase (atpase) - Answer-what transports potassium and sodium across the cell plasma membrane? atp direct energy - Answer-whats energy is used to transport sodium and potassium across the plasma cell membrane? 60%-70% - Answer-what percent of atp is used to maintain the sodium/potassium transport sysytem? 3 sodium molecules move out and 2 potassium molecules move in - Answer-for every atp molecule hydrolyzed what moves into the cell and what moves out of the cell? sodium potassium pump - Answer-known as best known pump antiport system - Answer-what moves sodium and potassium in opposite directions? passive transport - Answer-water and small electrically uncharged molecules move through pores in the plasma membranes lipid bilayer, this does not require energy or ATP by the cell electrolytes - Answer-what dissociates when placed in a solution? nonelectrolytes - Answer-what does not dissociate when placed in a solution? osmosis - Answer-movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower concentration to higher concentration diffusion - Answer-passive movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration hydrostatic pressure - Answer-mechanical force of water pushing against cell membranes? mediated transport - Answer-what can be active or passive transport? symport - Answer-the movement of two molecules simultaneously in one direction antiport - Answer-movement of two molecules simultaneously in opposite directions uniport - Answer-the movement of a single molecule in one direction action potential - Answer-how do electrochemical signals convey info from cell to cell? active transport - Answer-movement of substance across a membrane via a carrier protein that requires expenditure of energy for activation active mediated transport - Answer-what is active transport also called? active - Answer-what kind of transport only occurs across living membranes? atp, hydrolysis, sunlight, a transmembrane ion gradient - Answer-where can active transports energy come from? ATP synthase - Answer-most active transporters use what as their primary source of energy? peptides - Answer-what are cytokines? growth factor - Answer-what is also called cytokines? peptides that stimulate an increase in cell mass or growth by promoting synthesis of proteins - Answer-what are cytokines/growth factor function? growth factors - Answer-peptides that stimulate signals within and between cells? growth factors - Answer-having nutrients is not enough for a cell to proliferate, it must also have? halts after mitosis and enters G10/arrested state of cell cycle - Answer-what happens to cells that are starved of the growth factor? blood pressure generated in vessels by the contraction of the heart - Answer-in the vascular system hydrostatic pressure is what? osmotic pressure - Answer-the amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water? 15-20 millivolts - Answer-membrane threshold potential? when a nerve or muscle cell receives a stimulus that exceeds the membrane threshold value, there is a rapid change to the resting membrane - Answer-what causes rapid change in the resting potential that intiates the action potential?