Pathophysiology Midterm - Jersey College Study Guide, Midterm Exam

Pathophysiology Midterm - Jersey College Study Guide, Pathophysiology Midterm Exam || Questions With Correct Answers || Updated Version Anabolic Steroid Abuse - ANSWER Liver disease, cardiovascular disease, personality changes, emotional liability, sterility Lab work that changes with dehydration - ANSWER Increased HCT, increased electrolyte, in Urine: high specific gravity, low volume Which organ can do hematopoiesis - ANSWER Liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and bone marrow Signs and Symptoms of non Hodgkins - ANSWER Multiple node involvement scattered throughout the body and a non organized pattern of widespread metastases often present at diagnosis. Intestinal nodes and organs are frequently involved at an early stage. It more difficult to treat when tumors are not localized what patients are at risk for HTN - ANSWER Men more likely than women, after menopause the proportion of women exceeds men, african americans Risks for osteoporosis - ANSWER age, gender, genetics, nutrition, and physical activity Know two hormones that regulate calcium up and down - ANSWER Vitamin D and Phosphate Anti virals meds what can they do or not do - ANSWER Can reduce the replication of viruses, but, they do not kill the virus, and thus are not a cure Which blood vessels are involved in cardiac bypass - ANSWER Coronary arteries Leading cause of death for hiv - ANSWER Secondary infections Adverse affect for broad spectrum therapy (superinfections) - ANSWER Develop fungal infection Osteomyolitis - ANSWER A bone infection usually caused by bacteria and sometimes fungi, The microorganisms can enter the blood from an infection anywhere in the body and spread to the bones. Burns rule of 9's - ANSWER Total head - 9% Two Arms 18% Trunk 36% Perineum 1% Two Legs 36% = 100% Which client is at risk for blood clotting disorders - ANSWER • Obesity, Pregnancy, Trauma, Certain surgeries, Immobility (including prolonged inactivity, long trips by plane or car), Smoking, Oral contraceptives, Certain cancers, Age (increased risk for people over age 60), family history of blood clots, Chronic inflammatory diseases What is a syndrome? - ANSWER a collection of signs and symptoms of a particular disease process often affecting more than one organ that usually occurs together in response to a certain condition. What is manifestation? - ANSWER clinical evidence or affects the sign and symptoms of a disease. What is Iatrogenic? - ANSWER Disease caused by treatment procedure or error What is idiopathic? - ANSWER Cause of the disease is unknown What are Predisposing factors - ANSWER Tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual What are precipitating factors? - ANSWER Factors that causes or triggers the onset of a disorder What is the prognosis? - ANSWER Probable outcome of a patient's condition What is an antagonist drug? - ANSWER Prevents the patient from receiving the beneficial action of a drug Example; giving an antidote for accidental poisoning. What is necrosis and the types of necrosis? - ANSWER Necrosis is A term used when a group of cells die and cause further damage due to Cellular disintegration a)liquefaction necrosis-Dead cells liquefy under the influence of certain cell enzymes. b)Coagulative necrosis-Occurs when the cell protein are altered or denature typical typically occurs in a heart attack From lack of oxygen. c)Fat necrosis- Occurs when fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in the presence of infection or certain enzymes. d)Caseous necrosis- is a form of coagulation necrosis in which thick yellowish cheesy substance forms usually in TB. e)Infraction is the term applied to an area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen What is a buffer system? - ANSWER Buffer systems maintain a constant pH in blood. Respiratory acidosis - ANSWER low pH, high CO2 A drop in blood pH due to hypoventilation (too little breathing) and a resulting accumulation of Co2. Respiratory alkalosis - ANSWER HYPERventalation Arise in blood pH due to hyperventilation (excessive breathing) and a resulting decrease in CO2. Metabolic acidosi - ANSWER Serum pH Less than 7.35 H3 hco3 less than 22 Metabolic alkalosis - ANSWER elevation of HCO3- usually caused by an excessive loss of metabolic acids bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio - ANSWER 20:1 What happens with bicarbonate carbonic acid with abnormal respirations? - ANSWER During increase rep respirations Carbonic acid is released and bicarbonate is retained cause an Alkaline environment increasing pH. During decreased or hypoventilation carbonic acid is retained and bicarb is released cause an acid environment decreasing pH What is gout? - ANSWER A systemic disease caused by the buildup of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia). What is the gate control theory? - ANSWER the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain. What are the types of pain? - ANSWER Acute pain -Sudden and severe but short-term It may be localized or generalized Chronic pain-Often perceived chronic pain as being more generalized and it is difficult to discern an exact location. Headaches - ANSWER a diffuse pain in different portions of the head and not confined to any nerve distribution area Tension headaches - ANSWER Associated with muscle spasm From emotional stress Cause the neck muscles to contract pulling the scalp pulling. Migraine - ANSWER Abnormal changes in blood flow and Metabolism in the brain. ischemic pain - ANSWER Results from a profound, sudden loss of blood flow to an organ or tissue. Cancer-related pain - ANSWER Caused by advance of the disease; pain associated with treatment; result of coexisting disease. Analgesic drugs For mild pain - ANSWER Aspirin acetaminophen and NSAIDs Analgesic for moderate pain - ANSWER Codeine oxycodone Percocet Vicodin. Analgesic for Severe Pain - ANSWER Morphine Demerol methadone Meperidine oxycodone. Neutrophils - ANSWER A type of white blood cell that engulfs microbes by phagocytosis Basophils - ANSWER release histamine Eosinophil - ANSWER white blood cell containing granules that stain red; associated with allergic reactions Bacteria - ANSWER single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes They reproduce by binary fusion They have DNA and RNA And the cell wall Bacteria do not require Living tissue to survive. Viruses - ANSWER tiny particles, smaller than bacteria and other pathogens, which must invade living cells in order to reproduce; when they invade, the cells are damaged or destroyed in the process releasing new particles to infect other cells natural active immunity - ANSWER immunity which results from the response of the body to the invasion of a pathogen. artificial active immunity - ANSWER vaccination natural passive immunity - ANSWER the immunity given to an infant by the mother through the placenta and the colostrum. artificial passive immunity - ANSWER injection of antibodies systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - ANSWER autoimmune disease in which immune system attacks connective tissue throughout body such as in joints and skin