Advanced Pathophysiology UTMB 5355 EXAM 2: QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS

Advanced Pathophysiology UTMB 5355 EXAM 2: QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS Oncogenes - Answer cancer causing genes, promote uncontrolled growth of cells Proto-oncogenes - Answer promote normal cell growth factor and division If proto-oncogenes are mutated the become - - Answer Oncogenes Tumor Supressor Genes (TSGs) are - Answer Antioncogenes antioncogenes - Answer inhibit tumor progression & prevent mutations Cancer develops with increase in - and decrease in - - Answer oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes What are the 2 main types of Tumor Suppressor Genes? - Answer Gatekeepers & Caretakers tumor suppressor genes - Answer encode proteins that inhibit growth, prevent and repair mutations but if mutated will increase cancer risk Gatekeeper - Answer regulate cell proliferation, cell type specific, normally prevent uncontrolled growth and potential progression of cancer Caretaker - Answer suppress gene mutations, repair DNA, if not functioning correctly mutation can occur How does chronic inflammation cause cancer? - Answer Inflammation increases free radicals and reactive oxygen species which promote mutation interfere with insulin signaling leading to insulin resistance in stress, obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes. - Answer Pro-inflammatory cytokines TP53 gene - Answer tumor suppressor gene, if lost due to mutation cells escape apoptosis and can divide indefinitely increasing risk of cancer tumor necrosis factor is _ cytokine - Answer pro-inflammatory, may be related to carcinogenesis 4 functions of TNF - Answer 1)cell survival 2)cell proliferation 3) cell differentiation 4)cell death CA therapy in relation to TNF - Answer Modulation of TNF/receptors tumor markers - Answer not used to diagnose, but can be useful in surveillance of cancers or after cancer treatments, elevated in some cancers tumor markers are produced by both - Answer benign & malignant cells, increased levels seen in cancerous/noncancerous tumors tumor markers include - Answer hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens and antibodies CA19-9 - Answer pancreatic cancer CA-125 - Answer ovarian cancer Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) - Answer hepatic, germ cell CA