NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm questions
and solutions
Asthma - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory respon
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
in the bronchioles
n, n, n,
What are 5 s/s of asthma - Correct Answer ✔✔ - coughing
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
wheezing n,
shortness of breath n, n, n,
rapid breathing n, n,
chest tightness n,
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - Correct Answer ✔✔ - -airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
muscle spasm
n, n,
-excess mucus production and accumulation n, n, n, n, n,
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle n, n, n, n, n,
-airflow obstruction n, n,
-decreased alveolar ventilation n, n,
Bronchioles - Correct Answer ✔✔ - smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the alveoli
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
3 layers of the bronchioles - Correct Answer ✔✔ - innermost layer
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
middle layer - lamina propria n, n, n, n, n,
outermost layer n,
lamina propria - Correct Answer ✔✔ - the middle layer of the bronchioles
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
structure of the lamina propria - Correct Answer ✔✔ - embedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
purpose of the lamina propria - Correct Answer ✔✔ - white blood cells are present to help protect the airways
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - Correct Answer ✔✔ - the WBCs protective featu
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages host tissue
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - Correct Answer ✔✔ - columnar epithelial ells and mucus
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
producing goblet cells
n, n, n,
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - Correct Answer ✔✔ - smooth muscle cells
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - Correct Answer ✔✔ - control the airways ability to constrict an
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
dilate
n,
alveolar hyperinflation - Correct Answer ✔✔ - When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should due to
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
how does hyperinflation occur? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces muc
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
,Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - Correct Answer ✔✔ - -expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
- respiratory acidosis
n, n,
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - Correct Answer ✔✔ - tiotropium and ipratropium
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - These drugs block the effects of the
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
parasympathetic nervous system
n, n, n, n,
- increasing bronchodilation
n, n,
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - Correct Answer ✔✔ - the parasympathetic system is stimulated by the
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronch
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
constriction = decreased airflow
n, n, n, n, n,
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial constriction
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
bronchitis - Correct Answer ✔✔ - inflammation of the bronchial tubes n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
3 characteristics of bronchitis - Correct Answer ✔✔ - bronchial inflammation
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
hypersecretion of mucus n, n, n,
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
Perfusion - Correct Answer ✔✔ - The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - Correct Answer ✔✔ - cyanosis
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
right to left shunting n, n, n, n,
chronic hypoxemia n,
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - Correct Answer ✔✔ - there is hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
for gas exchange
n, n, n,
Right to left shunting - Correct Answer ✔✔ - when blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and to the
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
left ventricle without perfusion
n, n, n, n,
Causes of bronchitis - Correct Answer ✔✔ - -long term exposure to environmental irritants
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy) n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth) n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
Pathogenesis of bronchitis - Correct Answer ✔✔ - -Exposure to airborne irritants n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus secretion
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells located in the lamina propria
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
most common irritant with bronchitis is? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - tobacco product smoke
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis? (5) - Correct Answer ✔✔ - - smooth muscle
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
hypertrophy
n, n,
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
- epithelial cell metaplasia
n, n, n, n,
and solutions
Asthma - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory respon
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
in the bronchioles
n, n, n,
What are 5 s/s of asthma - Correct Answer ✔✔ - coughing
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
wheezing n,
shortness of breath n, n, n,
rapid breathing n, n,
chest tightness n,
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - Correct Answer ✔✔ - -airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
muscle spasm
n, n,
-excess mucus production and accumulation n, n, n, n, n,
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle n, n, n, n, n,
-airflow obstruction n, n,
-decreased alveolar ventilation n, n,
Bronchioles - Correct Answer ✔✔ - smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the alveoli
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
3 layers of the bronchioles - Correct Answer ✔✔ - innermost layer
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
middle layer - lamina propria n, n, n, n, n,
outermost layer n,
lamina propria - Correct Answer ✔✔ - the middle layer of the bronchioles
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
structure of the lamina propria - Correct Answer ✔✔ - embedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
purpose of the lamina propria - Correct Answer ✔✔ - white blood cells are present to help protect the airways
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - Correct Answer ✔✔ - the WBCs protective featu
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages host tissue
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - Correct Answer ✔✔ - columnar epithelial ells and mucus
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
producing goblet cells
n, n, n,
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - Correct Answer ✔✔ - smooth muscle cells
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - Correct Answer ✔✔ - control the airways ability to constrict an
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
dilate
n,
alveolar hyperinflation - Correct Answer ✔✔ - When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should due to
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
how does hyperinflation occur? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces muc
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
,Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - Correct Answer ✔✔ - -expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
- respiratory acidosis
n, n,
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - Correct Answer ✔✔ - tiotropium and ipratropium
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - These drugs block the effects of the
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
parasympathetic nervous system
n, n, n, n,
- increasing bronchodilation
n, n,
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - Correct Answer ✔✔ - the parasympathetic system is stimulated by the
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronch
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
constriction = decreased airflow
n, n, n, n, n,
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial constriction
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
bronchitis - Correct Answer ✔✔ - inflammation of the bronchial tubes n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
3 characteristics of bronchitis - Correct Answer ✔✔ - bronchial inflammation
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
hypersecretion of mucus n, n, n,
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
Perfusion - Correct Answer ✔✔ - The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - Correct Answer ✔✔ - cyanosis
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
right to left shunting n, n, n, n,
chronic hypoxemia n,
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - Correct Answer ✔✔ - there is hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
for gas exchange
n, n, n,
Right to left shunting - Correct Answer ✔✔ - when blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and to the
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
left ventricle without perfusion
n, n, n, n,
Causes of bronchitis - Correct Answer ✔✔ - -long term exposure to environmental irritants
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy) n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth) n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
Pathogenesis of bronchitis - Correct Answer ✔✔ - -Exposure to airborne irritants n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus secretion
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells located in the lamina propria
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
most common irritant with bronchitis is? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - tobacco product smoke
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis? (5) - Correct Answer ✔✔ - - smooth muscle
n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
hypertrophy
n, n,
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
n, n, n, n, n, n, n,
- epithelial cell metaplasia
n, n, n, n,
