Computer Organization and Architecture, 11th Edition – William Stallings | Complete Solutions Manual (Chapters 1–11)

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Computer Organization and Architecture, 11th edition
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By William Stallings
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TABLE OF CONTENTS




Chapter 1 Basic Concepts and Computer Evolution ........................5
Chapter 2 Performance Issues ................................................... 10
Chapter 3 Computer Function and Interconnection ....................... 19
Chapter 4 Memory Hierarchy..................................................... 25
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Chapter 5 Cache Memory ......................................................... 29
Chapter 6 Internal Memory ....................................................... 41
Chapter 7 External Memory ...................................................... 50
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Chapter 8 Input/Output ............................................................ 56
Chapter 9 Operating System Support ......................................... 64
Chapter 10 Number Systems .................................................... 72
Chapter 11 Computer Arithmetic ............................................... 74
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CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS AND
COMPUTER EVOLUTION

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
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1.1 Computer architecture refers to those attributes of a system visible
to a programmer or, put another way, those attributes that have a
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direct impact on the logical execution of a program. Computer
organization refers to the operational units and their interconnections
that realize the architectural specifications. Examples of architectural
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attributes include the instruction set, the number of bits used to
represent various data types (e.g., numbers, characters), I/O
mechanisms, and techniques for addressing memory. Organizational
attributes include those hardware details transparent to the
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programmer, such as control signals; interfaces between the computer
and peripherals; and the memory technology used.

1.2 Computer structure refers to the way in which the components of a
computer are interrelated. Computer function refers to the operation of
each individual component as part of the structure.
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1.3 Data processing; data storage; data movement; and control.
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1.4 Central processing unit (CPU): Controls the operation of the
computer and performs its data processing functions; often simply
referred to as processor.
Main memory: Stores data.
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I/O: Moves data between the computer and its external environment.
System interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for
communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O. A common
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example of system interconnection is by means of a system bus,
consisting of a number of conducting wires to which all the other
components attach.

1.5 Control unit: Controls the operation of the CPU and hence the
computer
Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs the computer’s data
processing functions
Registers: Provides storage internal to the CPU


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CPU interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for
communication among the control unit, ALU, and registers

1.6 In a stored program computer, programs are represented in a form
suitable for storing in memory alongside the data. The computer gets its
instructions by reading them from memory, and a program can be set
or altered by setting the values of a portion of memory.

1.7 Moore observed that the number of transistors that could be put on a
single chip was doubling every year and correctly predicted that this
pace would continue into the near future.
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1.8 Similar or identical instruction set: In many cases, the same set of
machine instructions is supported on all members of the family. Thus, a
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program that executes on one machine will also execute on any other.
Similar or identical operating system: The same basic operating
system is available for all family members. Increasing speed: The rate
of instruction execution increases in going from lower to higher family
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members. Increasing Number of I/O ports: In going from lower to
higher family members. Increasing memory size: In going from lower
to higher family members. Increasing cost: In going from lower to
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higher family members.

1.9 In a microprocessor, all of the components of the CPU are on a single
chip.


ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS
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Location Instruction/Value Comments
0 <> Constant (N) [initialized to some value]
1 1 Constant; Integer value = 1
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2 2 Constant; Integer value = 2
3 0 Variable Y (initialized to integer zero);
Sum(Y)
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4L LOAD M(0 N → AC
4R ADD M(1) AC + 1 → AC
5L MUL M(0) N(N+1) → AC
5R DIV M(2) AC/2 → AC
6L STOR M(3) AC → Y; saving the Sum in variable Y
6R JUMP M(6,20:39) Done; HALT




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