PSY355 EXAM STUDY GUIDE WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
what type of self description does an individualistic culture use? - ANSWER independent
what type of self description does a collectivistic culture use? - ANSWER
interdependent
what is an independent self construal? - ANSWER distinct interactions, stable, weak
distinction between in group and out group?
what is an interdependent self construal? - ANSWER connectedness, flexible, strong
distinction between in group and out group.
describe residential mobility and self construal study. - ANSWER assessed number of
times and age a person moved before college. then assessed centrality of personal self.
then assessed centrality of collective. found the more times you move the more
individualistic and less collective you become.
describe william and best gender equality study. - ANSWER asked men and women of
different countries their ideologies on how men and women should act. found gender
equality differed around the world, men and women of the same countries had similiar
views, men tended to be more traditional.
what is boserups theory? - ANSWER originally societies had agriculture to survive.
women did shifting cultivation (gardening) allowing them to tend to children as well. men
did plough cultivation leaving less time to tend to children. these norms continued as
society progressed.
what is the alesina et al study? - ANSWER tested boserups theory by looking into history
of the plow. found cultures adopting the plow had less egalitarian views as society
progressed.
what is cognitive dissonance? - ANSWER feeling of discomfort caused by knowledge of
inconsistency within the self.
what is self consistency? - ANSWER how a person acts regardless of the situation
describe free choice paradigm. - ANSWER participants rate objects, told they can only
choose one of two, choose and asked to rerate. rate their object higher second time.
how does culture influence how people react to cognitive dissonance? - ANSWER
hoshimo browne et al found that individualistic cultures has more dissonance over self
choices, collectivistic has more dissonance over group choice.
, why do people differ in their need to be consistent? - ANSWER dependent on culture,
collectivistic differ across situation to calm dissonance of group, individualistic don't
differ to calm self dissonance.
what is the difference between subjective and objective self awareness? - ANSWER s=i
observe the world, o=the world observes me.
why does object self awareness not seem to effect us? - ANSWER they are independent,
they care more how they feel about world not how world feels about them
how does culture affect self awareness? - ANSWER interdependent have more objective
self awareness and independent have more subjective self awareness
what is the incremental theory of self? - ANSWER individuals easily change and should
change.
what is the entity theory of self? - ANSWER individual is highly resistant to change
how do theories of self affect how people respond to difficulties? - ANSWER entity
theory blame difficulty on ability incremental theory blames tactics.
how do theories of self differ across cultures? - ANSWER interdependent is more
incremental and independent is more entity.
what is self enhancement? - ANSWER motivation to view one's self positively
what are self enhancement strategies? - ANSWER downward social comparison,
upward social comparison, discounting, external attribution, bask in the reflected glory.
are east asians really self enhancing less? - ANSWER maybe, but they may have same
amount of motivation but directed towards the group, they could value different traits,
the studies may only be tapping into cultural norms for describing one self.
what is predestination? - ANSWER before we are born it is determined if we are apart of
the elect or the wretched.
how does predestination relate to cultural influences on self enhancement? - ANSWER
interpret situations in favorable light according to culture and motivates them to achieve
this.
what is self improvement? - ANSWER motivation to identify weaknesses and improve
them
how does "face" relate to self improvement? - ANSWER indivdual is motivated to self
improve to save face or live up to societies standards.
what is prevention orientation? - ANSWER trying to avoid bad things
what is promotion orientation? - ANSWER trying to secure good things
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
what type of self description does an individualistic culture use? - ANSWER independent
what type of self description does a collectivistic culture use? - ANSWER
interdependent
what is an independent self construal? - ANSWER distinct interactions, stable, weak
distinction between in group and out group?
what is an interdependent self construal? - ANSWER connectedness, flexible, strong
distinction between in group and out group.
describe residential mobility and self construal study. - ANSWER assessed number of
times and age a person moved before college. then assessed centrality of personal self.
then assessed centrality of collective. found the more times you move the more
individualistic and less collective you become.
describe william and best gender equality study. - ANSWER asked men and women of
different countries their ideologies on how men and women should act. found gender
equality differed around the world, men and women of the same countries had similiar
views, men tended to be more traditional.
what is boserups theory? - ANSWER originally societies had agriculture to survive.
women did shifting cultivation (gardening) allowing them to tend to children as well. men
did plough cultivation leaving less time to tend to children. these norms continued as
society progressed.
what is the alesina et al study? - ANSWER tested boserups theory by looking into history
of the plow. found cultures adopting the plow had less egalitarian views as society
progressed.
what is cognitive dissonance? - ANSWER feeling of discomfort caused by knowledge of
inconsistency within the self.
what is self consistency? - ANSWER how a person acts regardless of the situation
describe free choice paradigm. - ANSWER participants rate objects, told they can only
choose one of two, choose and asked to rerate. rate their object higher second time.
how does culture influence how people react to cognitive dissonance? - ANSWER
hoshimo browne et al found that individualistic cultures has more dissonance over self
choices, collectivistic has more dissonance over group choice.
, why do people differ in their need to be consistent? - ANSWER dependent on culture,
collectivistic differ across situation to calm dissonance of group, individualistic don't
differ to calm self dissonance.
what is the difference between subjective and objective self awareness? - ANSWER s=i
observe the world, o=the world observes me.
why does object self awareness not seem to effect us? - ANSWER they are independent,
they care more how they feel about world not how world feels about them
how does culture affect self awareness? - ANSWER interdependent have more objective
self awareness and independent have more subjective self awareness
what is the incremental theory of self? - ANSWER individuals easily change and should
change.
what is the entity theory of self? - ANSWER individual is highly resistant to change
how do theories of self affect how people respond to difficulties? - ANSWER entity
theory blame difficulty on ability incremental theory blames tactics.
how do theories of self differ across cultures? - ANSWER interdependent is more
incremental and independent is more entity.
what is self enhancement? - ANSWER motivation to view one's self positively
what are self enhancement strategies? - ANSWER downward social comparison,
upward social comparison, discounting, external attribution, bask in the reflected glory.
are east asians really self enhancing less? - ANSWER maybe, but they may have same
amount of motivation but directed towards the group, they could value different traits,
the studies may only be tapping into cultural norms for describing one self.
what is predestination? - ANSWER before we are born it is determined if we are apart of
the elect or the wretched.
how does predestination relate to cultural influences on self enhancement? - ANSWER
interpret situations in favorable light according to culture and motivates them to achieve
this.
what is self improvement? - ANSWER motivation to identify weaknesses and improve
them
how does "face" relate to self improvement? - ANSWER indivdual is motivated to self
improve to save face or live up to societies standards.
what is prevention orientation? - ANSWER trying to avoid bad things
what is promotion orientation? - ANSWER trying to secure good things
