Nur 631 Midterm Study Guide Questions
with Answers
Nucleus - correct answers-Control center of the cell
Nucleolis - correct answers-where ribosomes are made
Mitochondria - correct answers-Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production
phosolipid bilayer - correct answers-a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. This
stops water-soluble molecules from crossing the cell membrane
Golgi complex - correct answers-organelle that modifies, packages, and transports material out of the
cell.
Lysosomes - correct answers-cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials
in the cell
Cell membrane (plasma membrane) - correct answers-phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and
regulates what enters and leaves the cell
DNA - correct answers-A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the
chromosomes.
RNA - correct answers-A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages
Messenger RNA (mRNA) - correct answers-form of RNA that carries genetic information from the
nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis
Ribosomes - correct answers-Makes proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - correct answers-A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in
which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.
Cytoplasm - correct answers-A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Peroxisomes - correct answers-Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide
adherens junctions - correct answers-make an adhesion belt that keeps tissues from separating as they
stretch and contract
Desmosomes (anchoring junctions) - correct answers-A type of cell junction in animal cells that functions
like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets. Intermediate filaments made of sturdy keratin
proteins anchor them in the cytoplasm. They attach muscle cells to each other in a muscle.
Anabolism - correct answers-Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.
Catabolism - correct answers-Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.
,passive transport - correct answers-Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low
concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient
active transport - correct answers-Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane
against a concentration difference
Osmosis - correct answers-Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
isotonic solution - correct answers-A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal
to that of the cell which resides in the solution
Hypertonic - correct answers-when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater
concentration of solutes. Cells shrink.
hypotonic solution - correct answers-a solution that causes a cell to swell because of osmosis
Osmolarity ( liters ) - correct answers-total concentration of all solute particles in a solution
Osmolality ( kilograms) - correct answers-measurements of the solute concentration of a solution.
Depolarization - correct answers-The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into
the cell causing the interior to become more positive.
refractory period - correct answers-a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired
absolute refractory period - correct answers-time during which another action potential is impossible.
Doesn't matter what is stimulating the heart, nothing can happen during this period.
resting potential - correct answers-the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse
Hypolarization - correct answers-An overshoot of the repolarization process; characterized the cell's
membrane potential going below the normal resting level.
Hyperpolarization - correct answers-an increase in the membrane potential of a cell, relative to the
normal resting potential
threshold potential - correct answers-The minimum membrane potential that must be reached in order
for an action potential to be generated.
repolarization phase - correct answers-membrane potential returns toward the resting membrane
potential and becomes more negative
Protein - correct answers-What the body uses to transport something across cell membrane
Exotoxins ( bacteria growth) - correct answers-toxic substances that bacteria secrete into their
environment
Endotoxins - correct answers-released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down
osmotic pressure - correct answers-the pressure that would have to be applied to a pure solvent to
prevent it from passing into a given solution by osmosis, often used to express the concentration of the
solution.
, oncotic pressure - correct answers-The osmotic pressure in the blood vessels due only to plasma
proteins (primarily albumin) --> causes water to rush back into capillaries at end.
Hydrostatic pressure (HP) - correct answers-What is needed to get get fluid to move from the arterial
end of capillary into interstitial space.
Hypernatremia causes - correct answers-excess water loss, excess sodium administration, diabetes
insipidus, heat stroke, hypertonic IV solutions
Sodium levels - correct answers-135-145 mEq/L
Hypernatremia S/S - correct answers-Cells shrinking due to water leaving the cells to balance out sodium
level in blood. Risk of confusion, convulsion, cerebral hemorrhage (SAH), coma.
You are 'fried' or S.A.L.T.
F - Fever (low grade), flushed skin
R - Restless (irritable)
I - Increased fluid retention and increased BP
E - Edema (peripheral and pitting)
D - Decreased urinary output, dry mouth
S = Skin flushed
A = Agitation
L = Low-grade fever
T = Thirst
Hyponatremia s/s - correct answers-SALTLOSS
Stupor/coma
Anorexia ( nausea & vomiting)
Lethargy
Tendon Reflexes ( decreased)
Limp Muscles
Orthostatic Hypotension
Seizure/Headache
Stomach Cramping
with Answers
Nucleus - correct answers-Control center of the cell
Nucleolis - correct answers-where ribosomes are made
Mitochondria - correct answers-Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production
phosolipid bilayer - correct answers-a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. This
stops water-soluble molecules from crossing the cell membrane
Golgi complex - correct answers-organelle that modifies, packages, and transports material out of the
cell.
Lysosomes - correct answers-cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials
in the cell
Cell membrane (plasma membrane) - correct answers-phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and
regulates what enters and leaves the cell
DNA - correct answers-A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the
chromosomes.
RNA - correct answers-A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages
Messenger RNA (mRNA) - correct answers-form of RNA that carries genetic information from the
nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis
Ribosomes - correct answers-Makes proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - correct answers-A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in
which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.
Cytoplasm - correct answers-A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Peroxisomes - correct answers-Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide
adherens junctions - correct answers-make an adhesion belt that keeps tissues from separating as they
stretch and contract
Desmosomes (anchoring junctions) - correct answers-A type of cell junction in animal cells that functions
like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets. Intermediate filaments made of sturdy keratin
proteins anchor them in the cytoplasm. They attach muscle cells to each other in a muscle.
Anabolism - correct answers-Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.
Catabolism - correct answers-Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.
,passive transport - correct answers-Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low
concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient
active transport - correct answers-Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane
against a concentration difference
Osmosis - correct answers-Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
isotonic solution - correct answers-A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal
to that of the cell which resides in the solution
Hypertonic - correct answers-when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater
concentration of solutes. Cells shrink.
hypotonic solution - correct answers-a solution that causes a cell to swell because of osmosis
Osmolarity ( liters ) - correct answers-total concentration of all solute particles in a solution
Osmolality ( kilograms) - correct answers-measurements of the solute concentration of a solution.
Depolarization - correct answers-The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into
the cell causing the interior to become more positive.
refractory period - correct answers-a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired
absolute refractory period - correct answers-time during which another action potential is impossible.
Doesn't matter what is stimulating the heart, nothing can happen during this period.
resting potential - correct answers-the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse
Hypolarization - correct answers-An overshoot of the repolarization process; characterized the cell's
membrane potential going below the normal resting level.
Hyperpolarization - correct answers-an increase in the membrane potential of a cell, relative to the
normal resting potential
threshold potential - correct answers-The minimum membrane potential that must be reached in order
for an action potential to be generated.
repolarization phase - correct answers-membrane potential returns toward the resting membrane
potential and becomes more negative
Protein - correct answers-What the body uses to transport something across cell membrane
Exotoxins ( bacteria growth) - correct answers-toxic substances that bacteria secrete into their
environment
Endotoxins - correct answers-released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down
osmotic pressure - correct answers-the pressure that would have to be applied to a pure solvent to
prevent it from passing into a given solution by osmosis, often used to express the concentration of the
solution.
, oncotic pressure - correct answers-The osmotic pressure in the blood vessels due only to plasma
proteins (primarily albumin) --> causes water to rush back into capillaries at end.
Hydrostatic pressure (HP) - correct answers-What is needed to get get fluid to move from the arterial
end of capillary into interstitial space.
Hypernatremia causes - correct answers-excess water loss, excess sodium administration, diabetes
insipidus, heat stroke, hypertonic IV solutions
Sodium levels - correct answers-135-145 mEq/L
Hypernatremia S/S - correct answers-Cells shrinking due to water leaving the cells to balance out sodium
level in blood. Risk of confusion, convulsion, cerebral hemorrhage (SAH), coma.
You are 'fried' or S.A.L.T.
F - Fever (low grade), flushed skin
R - Restless (irritable)
I - Increased fluid retention and increased BP
E - Edema (peripheral and pitting)
D - Decreased urinary output, dry mouth
S = Skin flushed
A = Agitation
L = Low-grade fever
T = Thirst
Hyponatremia s/s - correct answers-SALTLOSS
Stupor/coma
Anorexia ( nausea & vomiting)
Lethargy
Tendon Reflexes ( decreased)
Limp Muscles
Orthostatic Hypotension
Seizure/Headache
Stomach Cramping
