PTA 226 Exam 1 | Questions with Verified Answers

PTA 226 Exam 1 | Questions with Verified Answers Describe how a concave joint surface moves on a convex joint surface The roll and glide will occur in the same direction Describe how a convex joint surface moves on a concave joint surface The roll and glide of the joint surface will happen in opposite directions What the main muscles that contribute to upward rotation of the scapula? The upper and lower trap and the serratus anterior What are the main muscles of downward rotation? The rhomboid major and minor, the levator scapula and the pec minor How do the proximal and distal segments move during an open chain movement? The distal segment is free to move and the proximal segment is fixed How do the proximal and distal segments move during a closed chain movement? The distal segment is fixed and the proximal segment is free to move How can you describe hip open chain movement? The femur is moving on the pelvis How can you describe hip closed chain movement? The pelvis moves on the femur How can you describe knee open chain movement? The tibia moves on the femur How can you describe knee closed chain movement? The femur moves on the tibia How can you describe ankle open chain movement? The talus moves on the tibia How can you describe ankle closed chain movement? The tibia moves on the talus How can you describe shoulder open chain movement? The humerus moves on a relatively fixed scapula How can you describe shoulder closed chain movement? The scapula moves on a relatively fixed humerus How can you describe elbow open chain movement? The ulna moves on the humerus How can you describe pronation/supination open chain movement? The radius pivots around the ulna How can you describe elbow closed chain movement? The humerus moves on the unla How can you describe pronation/supination closed chain movement? The ulna pivots around the radius How can you describe wrist open chain movement? Proximal carpal bones move on the ulna How can you describe wrist closed chain movement? The ulna moves on the proximal carpal bones What muscles are primarily involved in creating posterior pelvic tilt? The rectus abdominis, the external obliques, the glute max and the hamstrings What muscles are primarily involved in creating anterior pelvic tilt? The erector spinae muscles, the iliopsoas and the rectus femoris If the right hip is moved upward, how will the lumbar spine react? The lumbar spine will laterally flex to the opposite (left) side If the right hip is moved downward, how will the lumbar spine react? The lumbar spine will laterally flex to the same (right) side How many degrees of freedom does the hip have, and what are they? 3: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and internal/external rotation What is close packed positioning for the hip? Full extension and medial rotation What is open packed positioning for the hip? Roughly 30 deg of flexion, 30 deg of abduction and slight lateral rotation How many degrees of freedom does the knee have, and what are they? 2: flexion/extension and medial/lateral rotation What is knee open packed position? 25 deg of flexion What is knee close packed position? Full extension with tibial external rotation How many degrees of freedom does the ankle have and what are they? 2: Plantarflexion/dorsiflexion and inversion/eversion What is ankle open packed position? 10 deg of plantarflexion What is ankle closed packe d position? Full dorsiflexion How could open or loose packed position be described? Minimal joint congruency, laxity of joint capsule and ligaments, with more mobility allowed How could close packed positioning be described? The most congruent joint position, joints slightly compressed, good joint stability and used to test capsule and ligament integrity How many degrees of freedom does the SC joint have, and what are they? 3: Elevation/depression, protraction/retraction and anterior/posterior rotation of the clavicle How many degrees of freedom does the AC joint have, and what are they? 3: Downward/upward rotation, posterior/anterior tilting and external/internal rotation How many degrees of freedom does the GH joint have, and what are they? 3: Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and internal/external rotation How many degrees of freedom does the Scapulothoracic joint have, and what are they? 3: Elevation/depression, protraction/retraction and upward/downward rotation. Also not a true joint What is the closed pack positioning of the GH joint? Full abduction and external rotation What is the open packed positioning of the GH joint? Abducted 55 deg and horizontally adducted 30 degrees How does the SC joint move in open chain? The clavicle moves on a stationary sternum How does the SC joint move in closed chain? The sternum moves on the clavicle How does the AC joint move in open chain? The acromion moves on the clavicle How does the AC joint move in closed chain? The clavicle moves on the acromion How does the GH joint move in open chain? The humerus moves in the glenoid fossa How does the GH joint move in closed chain? The glenoid fossa moves on the humeral head How many degrees of freedom does the humeroulnar joint have, and what are they? 2: Flexion/extension and pronation/supination What is humeroulnar close packed positioning? Full extension and max supination What is humeroulnar open packed positioning? Flexed about 70 deg with 10 deg of supination What does open chain humeroulnar movement look like? The ulna moving on the humerus What is active insufficiency? When a 2 joint muscle is shortened over both joints and it cannot generate or maintain active tension What does closed chain humeroulnar movement look like? The humerus moving on the ulna What is passive insufficiency? When a 2 joint muscle becomes stretched over both joints. to the point where it can no longer be lengthened anymore How can a first class lever be described? When the axis is between the force and resistance How can a first class lever be illustrated? Either F-A-R or R-A-F How can a second class lever be described? When the resistance is between the axis and the force. The distance from force to axis will always be longer than the distance from resistance to axis How can a second class lever be illustrated? A-R-F or F-R-A How can a third class lever be described? When the force is between the axis and resistance. The distance between resistance and axis will always be longer than the distance from force to axis How can a third class lever be illustrated? Either A-F-R or R-F-A How can a lever change from second to third class? When there is an increased load or when the direction of movement is changed What is the function of the ACL in the knee? Resist knee hyperextension and excessive anterior tibial translation during extension What is the function of the PCL in the knee? Opposes excessive posterior tibial translation during knee flexion. Tightest during full flexion Where does the MCL attach? The medial femoral epicondyle to the proximal tibia What is the function of the MCL? Reinforces the medial knee. Resists valgus forces, rotational forces and hyperextension Where does the LCL attach? The lateral femoral epicondyle and the fibular head What is the function of the LCL? Reinforces the lateral knee. Resists varus forces, rotational forces and hyperextension How can Q angle be described? As the difference in orientation of the femur and the tibia What is normal measurement for Q angle? Between 13-19 degrees Where on the body are the "lines" used to measure the Q angle? Line 1 is from ASIS to mid patella and line 2 is from mid patella to tibial tuberosity How can a larger Q angle be described? Genu Valgum or knock knee What disfunction can a larger Q angle lead to, and how can it be described? Chondromalacia patella is Softening and degeneration of the articular cartilage on the posterior surface of the patella What is "unlocking" of the knee and what muscle contributes to it? The popliteus contracting to cause flexion and lateral rotation of the femur on the tibia What does Coxa Vara do? Increases shearing stress of the femoral neck on the shaft What measurement of the angle of inclination is considered Coxa Vara? Less than 110 deg What two bones, and what joint does Coxa Vara and Coxa Valga refer to? The femur and the pelvis or the hip joint What does Coxa Valga do? Decreases the contact of the femoral head on the acetabulum What is the angle of inclination for Coxa Valga? Greater than 140 deg How can the angle of inclination of the hip joint be described? The relationship between the femoral neck/shaft in the frontal plane. Can also be thought of the angle that the head of the femur sits in the acetabulum What is the normal angle of inclination? When the femoral neck is angled 125 deg from the shaft What disorder(s) can Coxa Vara lead to? Shepherds Crook Deformity. This can present as a limp or a leg length difference. Can cause a slipped capital femoral epiphysis What disorder(s) can Coxa Valga lead to? Dislocation of the hip What is femoral anteversion? Can be seen as toed in. Any rotation beyond 35 degrees What is femoral retroversion? Can be seen as toed out. Any rotation less than 5 degrees What is the normal range of hip anteversion? 15-25 deg What ligaments work together to make up the deltoid ligament? Anterior and posterior tibiotalar ligaments, tibionavicular ligament, tibiocalcaneal ligament Where is the deltoid ligament found and what does it do?