MATH 110 Introduction to Statistics
Latest Update 2025/2026 Portage
Learning
Data
things about which information can be collected and analyzed
Data set
an arranged collection of information that contains the various categories of data
collected for a specific study
Element
individual and unique entry in a data set about which data has been collected,
analyzed, and presented in the same manner
Variable
a particular, measurable attribute that the researcher believes is needed to
describe the element in their study
Observation
all the information collected for each element in a study
Qualitative data
describes something about the element( can be numerical or non-numerical)
, Quantitative data
how much or how many? is always numerical
What are the levels of measurement ranked lowest to highest?
nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio
nominal level of measurement
Qualitative only. Categorized using names, labels, or qualities
ordinal level of measurement
Qualitative or quantitative. Data at this level can be arranged in order, or ranked,
but differences between data entries are not meaningful.
interval level of measurement
(Quantitative only). The data can be ordered, and you can calculate meaningful
differences between data entries. A zero entry just represents a position on a
scale, it is not an inherent zero.
ratio level of measurement
(Quantitative only). Can be ordered, has meaningful differences, has an inherent
zero. A ratio of two data values can be formed so that one data value can be
expressed as a multiple of another.
cross-sectional data
collects information or measurements for each variable on an element at the
same (or roughly the same) point.
Time-series data
Latest Update 2025/2026 Portage
Learning
Data
things about which information can be collected and analyzed
Data set
an arranged collection of information that contains the various categories of data
collected for a specific study
Element
individual and unique entry in a data set about which data has been collected,
analyzed, and presented in the same manner
Variable
a particular, measurable attribute that the researcher believes is needed to
describe the element in their study
Observation
all the information collected for each element in a study
Qualitative data
describes something about the element( can be numerical or non-numerical)
, Quantitative data
how much or how many? is always numerical
What are the levels of measurement ranked lowest to highest?
nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio
nominal level of measurement
Qualitative only. Categorized using names, labels, or qualities
ordinal level of measurement
Qualitative or quantitative. Data at this level can be arranged in order, or ranked,
but differences between data entries are not meaningful.
interval level of measurement
(Quantitative only). The data can be ordered, and you can calculate meaningful
differences between data entries. A zero entry just represents a position on a
scale, it is not an inherent zero.
ratio level of measurement
(Quantitative only). Can be ordered, has meaningful differences, has an inherent
zero. A ratio of two data values can be formed so that one data value can be
expressed as a multiple of another.
cross-sectional data
collects information or measurements for each variable on an element at the
same (or roughly the same) point.
Time-series data
