NURS 5315 ADV PATHO ACTUAL ( advanced pathology ) /
500 + QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERED SOLUTIONS |
VERIFIED 2025/2026 LATEST UPDATE !!!
1. Hypoxia injury
E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic
metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
2. Free radical and ROS
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust
intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis
3. Ethanol
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and
fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
4. Oncosis
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended
and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
5. Fatty Infiltration
intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
6. dystrophic calcification
,accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
7. metastatic calcification
accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D. Can
also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
8. urate accumulation
sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout-
acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
9. Coagulative Necrosis
kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
10. Liquefactive Necrosis
nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
11. Caseous Necrosis
lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped cheese
12. Fat Necrosis
breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps
13. Gangrenous Necrosis
Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
14. Gout
E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints.
,C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream sauces, red
wine, or red meat
15. Rhabdomyolysis
E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe
dehydration
P. hypoxia to cell causes failure of the Na-K pump, causing accumulation of intracellular
sodium, oncosis, and eventual cell death. Cell death releases enzymes such as CK, uric acid,
LDH, AST, etc.
C.M. Causes: trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, severe dehydration; s/s: CK is 5x upper
normal limit, muscle pain, weakness, dark, reddish-brown urine, hypercalcemia, renal failure
16. Alpha Fetoprotein Origin
Liver and germ cell tumors
17. Carcinoembryonic Antigen
GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
18. Prostate Specific Antigen
prostate tumors
19. Carcino-
from epithelial tissue- renal cell carcinoma
20. Sarco-
from connective tissue- chondrosarcoma
21. Carcinoma in situ
preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cells- cervix
22. Lung ca metastasis
Multiple organs including brain
23. Colorectal ca metastasis
, Liver, lungs
24. Testicular ca metastasis
Liver, lungs, brain
25. Prostate ca metastasis
Bones (especially lumbar spine), liver
26. Head and neck ca metastasis
Liver, bones, lymphatics
27. Ovarian ca metastasis
Peritoneal surfaces, diaphragm, omentum, liver
28. Sarcoma metastasis
Lungs
29. Melanoma metastasis
In transit lymphatics, lung, liver, brain, GI tract
30. Mechanisms of ca metastasis
Local invasion, followed by invasion of surrounding tissues. Cells then may invade blood and
lymphatic vessels. They must survive in circulation, then enter and survive in a new location.
Then the cells can multiply and form a new tumor.
31. TNM staging system
T= tumor size >/= correlates with metastatic ability
N= whether lymph nodes are involved
M= extra nodal involvement (liver, lungs)
32. Intravascular fluid compartment
In venous system- 20%
33. Osmolality
500 + QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERED SOLUTIONS |
VERIFIED 2025/2026 LATEST UPDATE !!!
1. Hypoxia injury
E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic
metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
2. Free radical and ROS
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust
intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis
3. Ethanol
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and
fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
4. Oncosis
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended
and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
5. Fatty Infiltration
intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
6. dystrophic calcification
,accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
7. metastatic calcification
accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D. Can
also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
8. urate accumulation
sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout-
acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
9. Coagulative Necrosis
kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
10. Liquefactive Necrosis
nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
11. Caseous Necrosis
lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped cheese
12. Fat Necrosis
breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps
13. Gangrenous Necrosis
Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
14. Gout
E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints.
,C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream sauces, red
wine, or red meat
15. Rhabdomyolysis
E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe
dehydration
P. hypoxia to cell causes failure of the Na-K pump, causing accumulation of intracellular
sodium, oncosis, and eventual cell death. Cell death releases enzymes such as CK, uric acid,
LDH, AST, etc.
C.M. Causes: trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, severe dehydration; s/s: CK is 5x upper
normal limit, muscle pain, weakness, dark, reddish-brown urine, hypercalcemia, renal failure
16. Alpha Fetoprotein Origin
Liver and germ cell tumors
17. Carcinoembryonic Antigen
GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
18. Prostate Specific Antigen
prostate tumors
19. Carcino-
from epithelial tissue- renal cell carcinoma
20. Sarco-
from connective tissue- chondrosarcoma
21. Carcinoma in situ
preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cells- cervix
22. Lung ca metastasis
Multiple organs including brain
23. Colorectal ca metastasis
, Liver, lungs
24. Testicular ca metastasis
Liver, lungs, brain
25. Prostate ca metastasis
Bones (especially lumbar spine), liver
26. Head and neck ca metastasis
Liver, bones, lymphatics
27. Ovarian ca metastasis
Peritoneal surfaces, diaphragm, omentum, liver
28. Sarcoma metastasis
Lungs
29. Melanoma metastasis
In transit lymphatics, lung, liver, brain, GI tract
30. Mechanisms of ca metastasis
Local invasion, followed by invasion of surrounding tissues. Cells then may invade blood and
lymphatic vessels. They must survive in circulation, then enter and survive in a new location.
Then the cells can multiply and form a new tumor.
31. TNM staging system
T= tumor size >/= correlates with metastatic ability
N= whether lymph nodes are involved
M= extra nodal involvement (liver, lungs)
32. Intravascular fluid compartment
In venous system- 20%
33. Osmolality
