NGR6141 Advanced Patho FAU Patho Exam 2 Review
Questions With Complete Solutions
-Heat cramps are severe spasmodic cramps in
the abdomen and extremities that follow prolonged sweating and
associated sodium loss. Heat cramps usually appear in
individuals who are not accustomed to heat or in those who are
performing strenuous work in very warm climates. Fever, rapid
pulse rate, and increased blood pressure often accompany the
cramps. Treatment involves administration of dilute salt
solutions through oral or parenteral routes.
-Heat exhaustion, or collapse, is a result of prolonged high core
or environmental temperatures. These high temperatures cause
the appropriate hypothalamic response of profound vasodilation
and profuse sweating. Over a prolonged period the hypothalamic
responses produce dehydration, decreased plasma volumes,
hypotension, decreased cardiac output, and tachycardia. The
individual feels weak, dizzy, nauseated, and faint. The
symptoms of heat exhaustion cause the individual to st Correct
Answers What are the defining factors for heat cramps, heat
stroke, heat exhaustion, malignant hypothermia?
. Allergic contact dermatitis is a common form of T-cell
mediated or delayed hypersensitivity (type IV).
• Allergan comes into contact with the skin bound to a carrier
protein, forming a hapten-specific sensitizing antigen
• Langerhans cells process antigen and carry it to T-Cells
• T-Cells become sensitized to antigen, releasing cytokines and
chemokine leading to leukocyte infiltration and inflammation
Correct Answers In allergic contact dermatitis, how does the
,body recognize the antigen? Think about how the immune
response and the cells involved.
. Delayed hypersensitivity. Allergic contact dermatitis is a
common form of T-cell mediated or delayed hypersensitivity
(type IV). Correct Answers Allergic contact dermatitis is
associated with:
• A condition known as RINGWORM that is a fungal infection
of the skin caused by Trichophyton or mircosporum, classified
according to the location.
• results in a circular, clearly circumscribed, mildly
erythematous (pink to red) scaly patches with a slightly elevated
"ring-like" boarder, rash and itching or areas no covered by hair
• Commonly found on scalp, feet, face, hands and groin
• Source: kittens, puppies, lesion to lesion contact Correct
Answers What is Tinea Corpis?
• autosomal dominant hereditary degenerative disorder of basal
ganglia of caudate and putamen nuclei & frontal cortex
• short arm chromo #4
• loss of dopaminergic FX in substantia nigra
• depletion of gamma aminobutyric (GABA)
• S/S: abn mov't w/o conscious effort, emotional liability, and
dementia
• TX - no cure, dopamine receptor blocking meds may help
Correct Answers Huntington's Disease
• Skin is first line of defense, regulates body temp, immune
response
,• The epidermis provides a protective barrier between the host
and the outside environment, and the linings of the internal body
organs help absorb substances into the body, excrete waste
products, and secrete substances into body cavities.
• Epithelial tissue covers most internal and external surfaces of
the body. The functions of epithelial tissue include protection,
absorption, secretion, and excretion
• Epithelial surfaces provide biochemical barriers by
synthesizing and secreting substances meant to trap of destroy
microorganisms. i.e. Mucus, earwax, goblet cells, saliva, tears.
Correct Answers How does the skin protect us against antigens
in the environment? What kinds of cells play a role in this
process?
a) The Pons - transmits information from the cerebellum to the
brainstem nuclei and relays motor information from the cerebral
cortex to the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere
-controls respiration (rate and relationship of inspiration to
expiration)
b) Medulla oblongata (myelin cephalon) - lowest portion of the
brainstem
• Reflex activites: Controls HR, RR, B/P
• coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting
• contralateral control
c) Reticular activating system (RAS)
• nerve cell bodies w/in brain stem that works w/ c.cortex
• maintains wakefulness
d) Midbrain -
-conscious and unconscious muscle synergy and for maintaining
balance and posture
• voluntary and involuntary visual motor movements
, • movements affecting the auditory system
• motor output center
• synthesis of Dopamine
• carries cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Correct Answers What is
the function, in general, associated with the Pons, Medulla
oblongata, Reticular activating system, Midbrain.
Acute pain is a protective mechanism that alerts the individual to
a condition or experience that is immediately harmful to the
body and mobilizes the individual to take prompt action to
relieve it. Acute pain is transient, usually lasting seconds to
days, and sometimes up to 3 months. It begins suddenly and is
relieved after the chemical mediators that stimulate pain
receptors
are removed. Stimulation of the autonomic nervous system
results in physical manifestations including increased heart rate,
hypertension, diaphoresis, and dilated pupils. Anxiety related to
the pain experience, including its cause, treatment, and
prognosis, is common and there is expectation of limited
duration. Acute pain arises from cutaneous and deep somatic
tissue, or from visceral organs and can be classified as (1) acute
somatic, (2) acute visceral, and (3) referred. Somatic pain is
superficial, arising from connective tissue, muscle or Correct
Answers Acute pain
AIDS (HIV, herpesvirus type 8) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma,
squamous cell carcinomas, Kaposi sarcoma.
(HPV, gonorrhea, chlamydia) Ovarian carcinoma, cervical/anal
carcinoma Recently, HPV infections have been found to cause
cancer of the oropharynx (soft palate, base of the tongue,
Questions With Complete Solutions
-Heat cramps are severe spasmodic cramps in
the abdomen and extremities that follow prolonged sweating and
associated sodium loss. Heat cramps usually appear in
individuals who are not accustomed to heat or in those who are
performing strenuous work in very warm climates. Fever, rapid
pulse rate, and increased blood pressure often accompany the
cramps. Treatment involves administration of dilute salt
solutions through oral or parenteral routes.
-Heat exhaustion, or collapse, is a result of prolonged high core
or environmental temperatures. These high temperatures cause
the appropriate hypothalamic response of profound vasodilation
and profuse sweating. Over a prolonged period the hypothalamic
responses produce dehydration, decreased plasma volumes,
hypotension, decreased cardiac output, and tachycardia. The
individual feels weak, dizzy, nauseated, and faint. The
symptoms of heat exhaustion cause the individual to st Correct
Answers What are the defining factors for heat cramps, heat
stroke, heat exhaustion, malignant hypothermia?
. Allergic contact dermatitis is a common form of T-cell
mediated or delayed hypersensitivity (type IV).
• Allergan comes into contact with the skin bound to a carrier
protein, forming a hapten-specific sensitizing antigen
• Langerhans cells process antigen and carry it to T-Cells
• T-Cells become sensitized to antigen, releasing cytokines and
chemokine leading to leukocyte infiltration and inflammation
Correct Answers In allergic contact dermatitis, how does the
,body recognize the antigen? Think about how the immune
response and the cells involved.
. Delayed hypersensitivity. Allergic contact dermatitis is a
common form of T-cell mediated or delayed hypersensitivity
(type IV). Correct Answers Allergic contact dermatitis is
associated with:
• A condition known as RINGWORM that is a fungal infection
of the skin caused by Trichophyton or mircosporum, classified
according to the location.
• results in a circular, clearly circumscribed, mildly
erythematous (pink to red) scaly patches with a slightly elevated
"ring-like" boarder, rash and itching or areas no covered by hair
• Commonly found on scalp, feet, face, hands and groin
• Source: kittens, puppies, lesion to lesion contact Correct
Answers What is Tinea Corpis?
• autosomal dominant hereditary degenerative disorder of basal
ganglia of caudate and putamen nuclei & frontal cortex
• short arm chromo #4
• loss of dopaminergic FX in substantia nigra
• depletion of gamma aminobutyric (GABA)
• S/S: abn mov't w/o conscious effort, emotional liability, and
dementia
• TX - no cure, dopamine receptor blocking meds may help
Correct Answers Huntington's Disease
• Skin is first line of defense, regulates body temp, immune
response
,• The epidermis provides a protective barrier between the host
and the outside environment, and the linings of the internal body
organs help absorb substances into the body, excrete waste
products, and secrete substances into body cavities.
• Epithelial tissue covers most internal and external surfaces of
the body. The functions of epithelial tissue include protection,
absorption, secretion, and excretion
• Epithelial surfaces provide biochemical barriers by
synthesizing and secreting substances meant to trap of destroy
microorganisms. i.e. Mucus, earwax, goblet cells, saliva, tears.
Correct Answers How does the skin protect us against antigens
in the environment? What kinds of cells play a role in this
process?
a) The Pons - transmits information from the cerebellum to the
brainstem nuclei and relays motor information from the cerebral
cortex to the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere
-controls respiration (rate and relationship of inspiration to
expiration)
b) Medulla oblongata (myelin cephalon) - lowest portion of the
brainstem
• Reflex activites: Controls HR, RR, B/P
• coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting
• contralateral control
c) Reticular activating system (RAS)
• nerve cell bodies w/in brain stem that works w/ c.cortex
• maintains wakefulness
d) Midbrain -
-conscious and unconscious muscle synergy and for maintaining
balance and posture
• voluntary and involuntary visual motor movements
, • movements affecting the auditory system
• motor output center
• synthesis of Dopamine
• carries cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Correct Answers What is
the function, in general, associated with the Pons, Medulla
oblongata, Reticular activating system, Midbrain.
Acute pain is a protective mechanism that alerts the individual to
a condition or experience that is immediately harmful to the
body and mobilizes the individual to take prompt action to
relieve it. Acute pain is transient, usually lasting seconds to
days, and sometimes up to 3 months. It begins suddenly and is
relieved after the chemical mediators that stimulate pain
receptors
are removed. Stimulation of the autonomic nervous system
results in physical manifestations including increased heart rate,
hypertension, diaphoresis, and dilated pupils. Anxiety related to
the pain experience, including its cause, treatment, and
prognosis, is common and there is expectation of limited
duration. Acute pain arises from cutaneous and deep somatic
tissue, or from visceral organs and can be classified as (1) acute
somatic, (2) acute visceral, and (3) referred. Somatic pain is
superficial, arising from connective tissue, muscle or Correct
Answers Acute pain
AIDS (HIV, herpesvirus type 8) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma,
squamous cell carcinomas, Kaposi sarcoma.
(HPV, gonorrhea, chlamydia) Ovarian carcinoma, cervical/anal
carcinoma Recently, HPV infections have been found to cause
cancer of the oropharynx (soft palate, base of the tongue,
