1 1
1. In a bacterial cell, the DNA is in the:
A) cell envelope.
B) cell membrane.
C) nucleoid.
D) nucleus.
E) ribosomes.
2. A major change occurring in the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes was the
development of:
A) DNA.
B) photosynthetic capability.
C) plasma membranes.
D) ribosomes.
E) the nucleus.
3. In eukaryotes, the nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane called the:
A) cell membrane.
B) nuclear envelope.
C) nucleolus.
D) nucleoplasm.
E) nucleosome.
4. The dimensions of living cells are limited, on the lower end by the minimum number of
biomolecules necessary for function, and on the upper end by the rate of diffusion of
solutes such as oxygen. Except for highly elongated cells, they usually have lengths and
diameters in the range of:
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 7th Edition A) 0.1 m to 10 m.
Nelson Test Bank B) 0.3 m to 30 m.
C) 0.3 m to 100 m.
Table Of Contents D) 1 m to 100 m.
E) 1 m to 300 m.
Table of Contents 1. The Foundations of Biochemistry 2. Water 3. Amino Acids, Peptides, and
Proteins 4. The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins 5. Protein Function 6. Enzymes 7.
Carbohydrates and Glycobiology 8. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 9. DNA-Based Information 5. Which group of single-celled microorganisms has many members found growing in
Technologies 10. Lipids 11. Biological Membranes and Transport 12. Biosignaling 13. Bioenergetics and extreme environments?
Biochemical Reaction Types 14. Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 15. A) bacteria
Principles of Metabolic Regulation 16. The Citric Acid Cycle 17. Fatty Acid Catabolism 18. Amino Acid B) archaea
Oxidation and the Production of Urea 19. Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation
C) eukaryotes
D) heterotrophs
Oxidative Phosphorylation 20. Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria 21. Lipid Biosynthesis
E) None of the answers is correct.
22. Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules 23. Hormonal Regulation
and Integration of Mammalian Metabolism 24. Genes and Chromosomes 25. DNA Metabolism 26.
RNAMetabolism 27. Protein Metabolism 28. Regulation of Gene Expression
Page 1 of 648
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,2 3
6. The bacterium E. coli requires simple organic molecules for growth and energy—it is 11. The four covalent bonds in methane (CH4) are arranged around carbon to give which
therefore a: geometry?
A) chemoautotroph. A) linear
B) chemoheterotroph. B) tetrahedral
C) lithotroph. C) trigonal bipyramidal
D) photoautotroph. D) trigonal planar
E) photoheterotroph. E) trigonal pyramidal
7. Which is a list of organelles? 12. What functional groups are present on this molecule?
A) mitochondria, chromatin, endoplasmic reticulum
B) peroxisomes, lysosomes, plasma membrane
C) proteasomes, peroxisomes, lysosomes
D) mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes
E) All of the answers are correct.
A) ether and aldehyde
8. Which list has the cellular components arranged in order of INCREASING size? B) hydroxyl and aldehyde
A) amino acid < protein < mitochondrion < ribosome C) hydroxyl and carboxylic acid
B) amino acid < protein < ribosome < mitochondrion D) hydroxyl and ester
C) amino acid < ribosome < protein < mitochondrion E) hydroxyl and ketone
D) protein < amino acid < mitochondrion < ribosome
E) protein < ribosome < mitochondrion < amino acid
13. The macromolecules that serve in the storage and transmission of genetic information
are:
9. The three-dimensional structure of macromolecules is formed and maintained primarily A) carbohydrates.
through noncovalent interactions. Which one of the following is NOT considered a B) lipids.
noncovalent interaction? C) membranes.
A) carbon-carbon bonds D) nucleic acids.
B) hydrogen bonds E) proteins.
C) hydrophobic interactions
D) ionic interactions
E) van der Waals interactions 14. Stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other are known as:
A) anomers.
B) cis-trans isomers.
10. Which element is NOT among the four most abundant in living organisms? C) diastereoisomers.
A) carbon D) enantiomers.
B) hydrogen E) geometric isomers.
C) nitrogen
D) oxygen
E) phosphorus 15. The catalog of all proteins functioning in a cell is the:
A) metabolome.
B) proteasome.
C) lysosome.
D) proteome.
E) genome.
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,4 5
16. Use the terms a) chemoautotrophs, b) chemoheterotrophs, c) photoautotrophs, and d) 21. The major carrier of chemical energy in all cells is:
photoheterotrophs and identify the answer that CORRECTLY finishes the statement: A) acetyl triphosphate.
Carnivores are ___ and herbivores are _. B) adenosine monophosphate.
A) b; c C) adenosine triphosphate.
B) b; d D) cytosine tetraphosphate.
C) b; b E) uridine diphosphate.
D) a; b
E) a; a
22. Enzymes are biological catalysts that enhance the rate of a reaction by:
A) decreasing the activation energy.
17. The enzyme fumarase catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumaric acid to l-malate, but B) decreasing the amount of free energy released.
it will not catalyze the hydration of maleic acid, the cis isomer of fumaric acid. This is C) increasing the activation energy.
an example of: D) increasing the amount of free energy released.
A) biological activity. E) increasing the energy of the transition state.
B) chiral activity.
C) racemization.
D) stereoisomerization. 23. Energy requiring metabolic pathways that yield complex molecules from simpler
E) stereospecificity. precursors are:
A) amphibolic.
B) anabolic.
18. Humans maintain a nearly constant level of hemoglobin by continually synthesizing and C) autotrophic.
degrading it. This is an example of a(n): D) catabolic.
A) dynamic steady state. E) heterotrophic.
B) equilibrium state.
C) exergonic change.
D) free-energy change. 24. Hereditary information (with the exception of some viruses) is preserved in:
E) waste of energy. A) deoxyribonucleic acid.
B) membrane structures.
C) nuclei.
19. If heat energy is absorbed by the system during a chemical reaction, the reaction is said D) polysaccharides.
to be: E) ribonucleic acid.
A) at equilibrium.
B) endergonic.
C) endothermic. 25. When a region of DNA must be repaired by removing and replacing some of the
D) exergonic. nucleotides, what ensures that the new nucleotides are in the correct sequence?
E) exothermic. A) DNA cannot be repaired and this explains why mutations occur.
B) Specific enzymes bind the correct nucleotides.
C) The new nucleotides base pair accurately with those on the complementary strand.
20. If the free energy change G for a reaction is –46.11 kJ/mol, the reaction is: D) The repair enzyme recognizes the removed nucleotide and brings in an identical
A) at equilibrium. one to replace it.
B) endergonic. E) The three-dimensional structure determines the order of nucleotides.
C) endothermic.
D) exergonic.
E) exothermic.
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26. The three-dimensional structure of a protein is determined primarily by: 31. Which statement is NOT true regarding the plasma membrane?
A) electrostatic guidance from nucleic acid structure. A) It is a physical barrier separating the inside of the cell from its surroundings.
B) how many amino acids are in the protein. B) It is a flexible, hydrophobic structure.
C) hydrophobic interaction with lipids that provide a folding framework. C) The individual lipids and proteins of the plasma membrane are covalently linked.
D) modification during interactions with ribosomes. D) The plasma membrane incorporates newly made lipid and protein components as a
E) the sequence of amino acids in the protein. cell grows.
E) Cell division occurs without loss of the membrane integrity.
27. According to Oparin's theory for the origin of life, the prebiotic atmosphere:
A) already contained some primitive RNA molecules. 32. The major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that:
B) basically was very similar to the atmosphere of today. A) prokaryotes have a nucleus, while eukaryotes do not.
C) contained many amino acids. B) eukaryotes have a nucleus, while prokaryotes do not.
D) had an abundance of methane, ammonia, and water. C) eukaryotes have double-stranded DNA, while prokaryotes have single-stranded
E) was rich in oxygen. DNA.
D) prokaryotes have double-stranded DNA, while eukaryotes have single-stranded
DNA.
28. When two genes in an organism share detectable sequence similarity, those genes or E) prokaryotes do not have ribosomes.
their gene products, are said to be:
A) homologues.
B) orthologues. 33. If an organism is a facultative anaerobe, which statement is TRUE?
C) paralogues. A) The organism requires sulfur to live.
D) both homologues and orthologues. B) The organism will die if exposed to oxygen.
E) both homologues and paralogues. C) The organism requires oxygen to live.
F) both orthologues and paralogues. D) The organism does not require oxygen to live but will not die if exposed to oxygen.
E) The organism requires methane to live.
29. Which statement is NOT a distinguishing feature of living organisms?
A) There exists a high degree of organizational complexity. 34. Which statement is TRUE regarding energy sources used by organisms?
B) The structure of components influences their function. A) Phototrophs can use carbon dioxide as a carbon source.
C) Organisms can reproduce themselves. B) Phototrophs can use carbon dioxide as an energy source.
D) Organisms do not need to interact with their environment. C) All phototrophs are autotrophs.
E) Organisms change over time. D) All chemotrophs are heterotrophs.
E) All phototrophs are autotrophs that can use carbon dioxide as a carbon source.
30. Which organic molecules can be considered “alive”?
A) proteins 35. Which statement is FALSE regarding bacterial and archaeal cells?
B) carbohydrates A) Archaeal and bacterial plasma membranes consist of a thin bilayer of lipid
C) nucleic acids molecules penetrated by proteins.
D) saccharides B) Bacteria and archaea have group specific specializations in their cell envelope.
E) None of the answers is correct. C) Archaea can have a single- or double-layered membrane.
D) Bacteria can have a single- or double-layered membrane.
E) Both bacteria and archaea have a layer of peptidoglycan in their cell envelope.
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1. In a bacterial cell, the DNA is in the:
A) cell envelope.
B) cell membrane.
C) nucleoid.
D) nucleus.
E) ribosomes.
2. A major change occurring in the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes was the
development of:
A) DNA.
B) photosynthetic capability.
C) plasma membranes.
D) ribosomes.
E) the nucleus.
3. In eukaryotes, the nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane called the:
A) cell membrane.
B) nuclear envelope.
C) nucleolus.
D) nucleoplasm.
E) nucleosome.
4. The dimensions of living cells are limited, on the lower end by the minimum number of
biomolecules necessary for function, and on the upper end by the rate of diffusion of
solutes such as oxygen. Except for highly elongated cells, they usually have lengths and
diameters in the range of:
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 7th Edition A) 0.1 m to 10 m.
Nelson Test Bank B) 0.3 m to 30 m.
C) 0.3 m to 100 m.
Table Of Contents D) 1 m to 100 m.
E) 1 m to 300 m.
Table of Contents 1. The Foundations of Biochemistry 2. Water 3. Amino Acids, Peptides, and
Proteins 4. The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins 5. Protein Function 6. Enzymes 7.
Carbohydrates and Glycobiology 8. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 9. DNA-Based Information 5. Which group of single-celled microorganisms has many members found growing in
Technologies 10. Lipids 11. Biological Membranes and Transport 12. Biosignaling 13. Bioenergetics and extreme environments?
Biochemical Reaction Types 14. Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 15. A) bacteria
Principles of Metabolic Regulation 16. The Citric Acid Cycle 17. Fatty Acid Catabolism 18. Amino Acid B) archaea
Oxidation and the Production of Urea 19. Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation
C) eukaryotes
D) heterotrophs
Oxidative Phosphorylation 20. Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria 21. Lipid Biosynthesis
E) None of the answers is correct.
22. Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules 23. Hormonal Regulation
and Integration of Mammalian Metabolism 24. Genes and Chromosomes 25. DNA Metabolism 26.
RNAMetabolism 27. Protein Metabolism 28. Regulation of Gene Expression
Page 1 of 648
Page 1
,2 3
6. The bacterium E. coli requires simple organic molecules for growth and energy—it is 11. The four covalent bonds in methane (CH4) are arranged around carbon to give which
therefore a: geometry?
A) chemoautotroph. A) linear
B) chemoheterotroph. B) tetrahedral
C) lithotroph. C) trigonal bipyramidal
D) photoautotroph. D) trigonal planar
E) photoheterotroph. E) trigonal pyramidal
7. Which is a list of organelles? 12. What functional groups are present on this molecule?
A) mitochondria, chromatin, endoplasmic reticulum
B) peroxisomes, lysosomes, plasma membrane
C) proteasomes, peroxisomes, lysosomes
D) mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes
E) All of the answers are correct.
A) ether and aldehyde
8. Which list has the cellular components arranged in order of INCREASING size? B) hydroxyl and aldehyde
A) amino acid < protein < mitochondrion < ribosome C) hydroxyl and carboxylic acid
B) amino acid < protein < ribosome < mitochondrion D) hydroxyl and ester
C) amino acid < ribosome < protein < mitochondrion E) hydroxyl and ketone
D) protein < amino acid < mitochondrion < ribosome
E) protein < ribosome < mitochondrion < amino acid
13. The macromolecules that serve in the storage and transmission of genetic information
are:
9. The three-dimensional structure of macromolecules is formed and maintained primarily A) carbohydrates.
through noncovalent interactions. Which one of the following is NOT considered a B) lipids.
noncovalent interaction? C) membranes.
A) carbon-carbon bonds D) nucleic acids.
B) hydrogen bonds E) proteins.
C) hydrophobic interactions
D) ionic interactions
E) van der Waals interactions 14. Stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other are known as:
A) anomers.
B) cis-trans isomers.
10. Which element is NOT among the four most abundant in living organisms? C) diastereoisomers.
A) carbon D) enantiomers.
B) hydrogen E) geometric isomers.
C) nitrogen
D) oxygen
E) phosphorus 15. The catalog of all proteins functioning in a cell is the:
A) metabolome.
B) proteasome.
C) lysosome.
D) proteome.
E) genome.
Page 2 Page 3
,4 5
16. Use the terms a) chemoautotrophs, b) chemoheterotrophs, c) photoautotrophs, and d) 21. The major carrier of chemical energy in all cells is:
photoheterotrophs and identify the answer that CORRECTLY finishes the statement: A) acetyl triphosphate.
Carnivores are ___ and herbivores are _. B) adenosine monophosphate.
A) b; c C) adenosine triphosphate.
B) b; d D) cytosine tetraphosphate.
C) b; b E) uridine diphosphate.
D) a; b
E) a; a
22. Enzymes are biological catalysts that enhance the rate of a reaction by:
A) decreasing the activation energy.
17. The enzyme fumarase catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumaric acid to l-malate, but B) decreasing the amount of free energy released.
it will not catalyze the hydration of maleic acid, the cis isomer of fumaric acid. This is C) increasing the activation energy.
an example of: D) increasing the amount of free energy released.
A) biological activity. E) increasing the energy of the transition state.
B) chiral activity.
C) racemization.
D) stereoisomerization. 23. Energy requiring metabolic pathways that yield complex molecules from simpler
E) stereospecificity. precursors are:
A) amphibolic.
B) anabolic.
18. Humans maintain a nearly constant level of hemoglobin by continually synthesizing and C) autotrophic.
degrading it. This is an example of a(n): D) catabolic.
A) dynamic steady state. E) heterotrophic.
B) equilibrium state.
C) exergonic change.
D) free-energy change. 24. Hereditary information (with the exception of some viruses) is preserved in:
E) waste of energy. A) deoxyribonucleic acid.
B) membrane structures.
C) nuclei.
19. If heat energy is absorbed by the system during a chemical reaction, the reaction is said D) polysaccharides.
to be: E) ribonucleic acid.
A) at equilibrium.
B) endergonic.
C) endothermic. 25. When a region of DNA must be repaired by removing and replacing some of the
D) exergonic. nucleotides, what ensures that the new nucleotides are in the correct sequence?
E) exothermic. A) DNA cannot be repaired and this explains why mutations occur.
B) Specific enzymes bind the correct nucleotides.
C) The new nucleotides base pair accurately with those on the complementary strand.
20. If the free energy change G for a reaction is –46.11 kJ/mol, the reaction is: D) The repair enzyme recognizes the removed nucleotide and brings in an identical
A) at equilibrium. one to replace it.
B) endergonic. E) The three-dimensional structure determines the order of nucleotides.
C) endothermic.
D) exergonic.
E) exothermic.
Page 4 Page 5
, 6 7
26. The three-dimensional structure of a protein is determined primarily by: 31. Which statement is NOT true regarding the plasma membrane?
A) electrostatic guidance from nucleic acid structure. A) It is a physical barrier separating the inside of the cell from its surroundings.
B) how many amino acids are in the protein. B) It is a flexible, hydrophobic structure.
C) hydrophobic interaction with lipids that provide a folding framework. C) The individual lipids and proteins of the plasma membrane are covalently linked.
D) modification during interactions with ribosomes. D) The plasma membrane incorporates newly made lipid and protein components as a
E) the sequence of amino acids in the protein. cell grows.
E) Cell division occurs without loss of the membrane integrity.
27. According to Oparin's theory for the origin of life, the prebiotic atmosphere:
A) already contained some primitive RNA molecules. 32. The major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that:
B) basically was very similar to the atmosphere of today. A) prokaryotes have a nucleus, while eukaryotes do not.
C) contained many amino acids. B) eukaryotes have a nucleus, while prokaryotes do not.
D) had an abundance of methane, ammonia, and water. C) eukaryotes have double-stranded DNA, while prokaryotes have single-stranded
E) was rich in oxygen. DNA.
D) prokaryotes have double-stranded DNA, while eukaryotes have single-stranded
DNA.
28. When two genes in an organism share detectable sequence similarity, those genes or E) prokaryotes do not have ribosomes.
their gene products, are said to be:
A) homologues.
B) orthologues. 33. If an organism is a facultative anaerobe, which statement is TRUE?
C) paralogues. A) The organism requires sulfur to live.
D) both homologues and orthologues. B) The organism will die if exposed to oxygen.
E) both homologues and paralogues. C) The organism requires oxygen to live.
F) both orthologues and paralogues. D) The organism does not require oxygen to live but will not die if exposed to oxygen.
E) The organism requires methane to live.
29. Which statement is NOT a distinguishing feature of living organisms?
A) There exists a high degree of organizational complexity. 34. Which statement is TRUE regarding energy sources used by organisms?
B) The structure of components influences their function. A) Phototrophs can use carbon dioxide as a carbon source.
C) Organisms can reproduce themselves. B) Phototrophs can use carbon dioxide as an energy source.
D) Organisms do not need to interact with their environment. C) All phototrophs are autotrophs.
E) Organisms change over time. D) All chemotrophs are heterotrophs.
E) All phototrophs are autotrophs that can use carbon dioxide as a carbon source.
30. Which organic molecules can be considered “alive”?
A) proteins 35. Which statement is FALSE regarding bacterial and archaeal cells?
B) carbohydrates A) Archaeal and bacterial plasma membranes consist of a thin bilayer of lipid
C) nucleic acids molecules penetrated by proteins.
D) saccharides B) Bacteria and archaea have group specific specializations in their cell envelope.
E) None of the answers is correct. C) Archaea can have a single- or double-layered membrane.
D) Bacteria can have a single- or double-layered membrane.
E) Both bacteria and archaea have a layer of peptidoglycan in their cell envelope.
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