EPA Lead Inspector
Administrative sanctions - ANS-Result from violations of administrative code (state laws ...
punishments are limited to taking away license/fines)
APF - ANS-Assigned Protection Factor ... level at which a mask protects the wearer ...
WANT a high number
Can you bring an XRF analyzer in a car ... what about a plane? - ANS-- Cars: Yes ... it must
be tied down, you need a manifest, and you must keep it in line of sight- Planes: Yes IF
properly packaged
Chronic vs. acute exposure - ANS-- Chronic: low dose, long period - Acute: high dose, short
period
Civil lawsuits - ANS-- Civil liability is non-criminal (involves non-governmental entities) -
Contract liability arises from breach of contract
CPSC - ANS-- Consumer Product Safety Commission - Set a lead paint standard: cannot
contain 0.06% lead by weight ... updated to 0.009% - The commission banned lead-based
paint in 1978
Donning/doffing - ANS-Putting on/taking off a respirator
Dust sample clearance values - ANS-- Floors: 40 μg/ft2 > 10 μg/ft2 (10 μg/ft2 in NY) -
Windows: 250 μg/ft2 > 100 μg/ft2 (50 μg/ft2 in NY) - Window wells (troughs): 400 μg/ft2 (100
μg/ft2 in NY) - Samples must be at 1 sq ft > 2 sq ft (can be reduced to 1 sq ft if within 10 μg)
EPA Soil Regulations - ANS-- 400 ppm for playgrounds/children's areas - 1200 ppm for rest
of yard - There must be 9 sq ft of soil to classify with soil testing - At 5000 ppm, MUST
remediate/abate (remove & replace, paving, or bioremediation)
How do you evaluate the quality of XRF testing? - ANS-Compute Retest Tolerance Limit ...
very complicated, so skip this question if on test
How do you treat lead poisoning? - ANS-- Chelation therapy - Binding agents attach to lead
in the blood, allowing it to be excreted - Chelating agents cannot distinguish lead from
minerals, so the therapy causes demineralization - Done at a blood lead of 45 μg/dL
How does lead travel through the body and for how long? - ANS-- Blood (30 days) - Soft
tissues (60-90 days) - Bones (20-30 years) ... 95% of lead from an initial exposure gets
stored in bones
How long after the final cleaning can you collect dust samples? - ANS-1 hour
How long should an inspector retain records? - ANS-20 years
How much does water contribute to lead exposure for the average 2-year old? - ANS-5-50%
How much energy is required for cobalt-57 to excite an electron? - ANS-128 keV
How much lead can infants on formula receive from water? - ANS-As much as 85%
How much lead is present in homes? - ANS-- 87% of homes pre-1940 - 69% of homes
pre-1960 - 24% of homes pre-1978
How often should you perform a leak test for XRF analyzers? - ANS-Every 6 months
How to perform multi-family testing? - ANS-Read the chart, but important cutoffs at: - 11 for
1960-1977 - 21 for pre-1960 or unknown - Basically don't need to test all units
How to prevent lead from getting into tap water? - ANS-Flush until water is cold
HUD Guidelines for abatement - ANS-Must last 20 years. Includes the following procedures:
- Removal - Enclosure - Replacement - Encapsulation Painting over is a temporary fix!
, Lab sampling technique - ANS-- AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) - Sample is placed
into a furnace and vaporized ... light is shone through to give a quantitative result
LBP Hazard - ANS-ANY condition that causes exposure to lead
LBP inspection - ANS-a surface-by-surface investigation to determine the presence of lead
LBPPPA - ANS-- Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act - Enacted in 1971 - Amended
in 1973 to lower lead content by 0.5% then 0.6% - In 1976, limit was lowered to 0.06%
unless CPSC determined 0.5% was safe - In 1977, 0.06% went into effect because CPSC
didn't make the finding. - Dropped to 0.009% in 2008.
Lead loading - ANS-- Mass per concentration, specifically used for analyzing environmental
samples - Use the weighted arithmetic mean to analyze the influence of a sample relative to
its surface area: multiply the sample weight by the number of subsamples and divide by the
total number of subsamples.
Lead poisoning blood concentration - ANS-- For children: 5 μg/dL - For adults: 50 μg/dL
Lead-based paint (LBP) - ANS-Any varnish, shallac, or coating that contains either- 1.0
mg/cm2 - 0.5 % by weight - 5000 ppm - Older instruments could not read accurately at 0.7,
so the lead standard was updated to 1.0
Negative pressure check - ANS-Palm of hand covers inhalation valaves to see if there's
leakage
NYC Local Law I - ANS-Apartments prior to being rented have to be evaluated for peeling
paint and corrected
PCS - ANS-Performance Characteristics Sheet = provides information on how to use an
XRF analyzer
Pipe standards for lead - ANS-- Less than 0.2 % for solder and flux - Less than 8% for other
plumbing materials
Precision, Bias, and Accuracy - ANS-XRF readings must be - precise (close to each other in
value) - accurate (close to the true values) - unbiased (there must be some outliers)
Prohibited methods - ANS-- Methylene chloride ... toxic and carcinogenic - Heat gun at or
1,100 °F or open-flame burning ... can cause lead to vaporize - Use of abrasive/grinding
sanders without a HEPA attachment - Dry scraping EXCEPT for electrical outlets
Quantitative and qualitative fit tests - ANS-"- Done ONCE a year OR when the respirator
brand, size, or type changes OR when someone gains or loses more than 10 pounds, has
facial changes, or is considered incompetent or has issues with the mask. - Done by a
competent person - Qualitative: Pass/Fail ... irritant smoke, isomelacetate - Quantitative:
Numerical ... Port-a-Count of Dynatech machine will determine what goes into the mask -
Can be asked to read the ""Rainbow Passage,"" grimace, open mouth, or do jumping jacks -
Must be clean-shaven when wearing a respirator ... NO COSMETICS!"
RCRA - ANS-- Resource Conservation Recovery Act of 1976 - Classifies hazardous waste
Regulatory dose limits for radiation - ANS-- Whole body: 5 rem/year - Skin/extremities: 50
rem/year - Declared pregnant worker: 0.5 rem/gestation period
SRM - ANS-- Standard Reference Material = mylar (homogenous) lead coating of 1.02
mg/cm2 - Established by NIST (National Institute for Standards and Technology)
Statutes - ANS-Federal laws ... violations result in loss of license plus penalties ... jail time
Substrate Correction Values - ANS-Old way CLC (corrected lead concentrations) = ALC
(average of 3 shots of apparent lead concentration) - SEL (average of 3 shots of substrate
lead equivalent) New way - Take 3 readings on bare substrate in one spot - Take another 3
readings on bare substrate in a new spot - Compute the correction value = Average of the 6
readings minus the NIST SRM (1.02 mg/cm2) - Subtract this value from the XRF readings to
correct for substrate bias
Administrative sanctions - ANS-Result from violations of administrative code (state laws ...
punishments are limited to taking away license/fines)
APF - ANS-Assigned Protection Factor ... level at which a mask protects the wearer ...
WANT a high number
Can you bring an XRF analyzer in a car ... what about a plane? - ANS-- Cars: Yes ... it must
be tied down, you need a manifest, and you must keep it in line of sight- Planes: Yes IF
properly packaged
Chronic vs. acute exposure - ANS-- Chronic: low dose, long period - Acute: high dose, short
period
Civil lawsuits - ANS-- Civil liability is non-criminal (involves non-governmental entities) -
Contract liability arises from breach of contract
CPSC - ANS-- Consumer Product Safety Commission - Set a lead paint standard: cannot
contain 0.06% lead by weight ... updated to 0.009% - The commission banned lead-based
paint in 1978
Donning/doffing - ANS-Putting on/taking off a respirator
Dust sample clearance values - ANS-- Floors: 40 μg/ft2 > 10 μg/ft2 (10 μg/ft2 in NY) -
Windows: 250 μg/ft2 > 100 μg/ft2 (50 μg/ft2 in NY) - Window wells (troughs): 400 μg/ft2 (100
μg/ft2 in NY) - Samples must be at 1 sq ft > 2 sq ft (can be reduced to 1 sq ft if within 10 μg)
EPA Soil Regulations - ANS-- 400 ppm for playgrounds/children's areas - 1200 ppm for rest
of yard - There must be 9 sq ft of soil to classify with soil testing - At 5000 ppm, MUST
remediate/abate (remove & replace, paving, or bioremediation)
How do you evaluate the quality of XRF testing? - ANS-Compute Retest Tolerance Limit ...
very complicated, so skip this question if on test
How do you treat lead poisoning? - ANS-- Chelation therapy - Binding agents attach to lead
in the blood, allowing it to be excreted - Chelating agents cannot distinguish lead from
minerals, so the therapy causes demineralization - Done at a blood lead of 45 μg/dL
How does lead travel through the body and for how long? - ANS-- Blood (30 days) - Soft
tissues (60-90 days) - Bones (20-30 years) ... 95% of lead from an initial exposure gets
stored in bones
How long after the final cleaning can you collect dust samples? - ANS-1 hour
How long should an inspector retain records? - ANS-20 years
How much does water contribute to lead exposure for the average 2-year old? - ANS-5-50%
How much energy is required for cobalt-57 to excite an electron? - ANS-128 keV
How much lead can infants on formula receive from water? - ANS-As much as 85%
How much lead is present in homes? - ANS-- 87% of homes pre-1940 - 69% of homes
pre-1960 - 24% of homes pre-1978
How often should you perform a leak test for XRF analyzers? - ANS-Every 6 months
How to perform multi-family testing? - ANS-Read the chart, but important cutoffs at: - 11 for
1960-1977 - 21 for pre-1960 or unknown - Basically don't need to test all units
How to prevent lead from getting into tap water? - ANS-Flush until water is cold
HUD Guidelines for abatement - ANS-Must last 20 years. Includes the following procedures:
- Removal - Enclosure - Replacement - Encapsulation Painting over is a temporary fix!
, Lab sampling technique - ANS-- AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) - Sample is placed
into a furnace and vaporized ... light is shone through to give a quantitative result
LBP Hazard - ANS-ANY condition that causes exposure to lead
LBP inspection - ANS-a surface-by-surface investigation to determine the presence of lead
LBPPPA - ANS-- Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act - Enacted in 1971 - Amended
in 1973 to lower lead content by 0.5% then 0.6% - In 1976, limit was lowered to 0.06%
unless CPSC determined 0.5% was safe - In 1977, 0.06% went into effect because CPSC
didn't make the finding. - Dropped to 0.009% in 2008.
Lead loading - ANS-- Mass per concentration, specifically used for analyzing environmental
samples - Use the weighted arithmetic mean to analyze the influence of a sample relative to
its surface area: multiply the sample weight by the number of subsamples and divide by the
total number of subsamples.
Lead poisoning blood concentration - ANS-- For children: 5 μg/dL - For adults: 50 μg/dL
Lead-based paint (LBP) - ANS-Any varnish, shallac, or coating that contains either- 1.0
mg/cm2 - 0.5 % by weight - 5000 ppm - Older instruments could not read accurately at 0.7,
so the lead standard was updated to 1.0
Negative pressure check - ANS-Palm of hand covers inhalation valaves to see if there's
leakage
NYC Local Law I - ANS-Apartments prior to being rented have to be evaluated for peeling
paint and corrected
PCS - ANS-Performance Characteristics Sheet = provides information on how to use an
XRF analyzer
Pipe standards for lead - ANS-- Less than 0.2 % for solder and flux - Less than 8% for other
plumbing materials
Precision, Bias, and Accuracy - ANS-XRF readings must be - precise (close to each other in
value) - accurate (close to the true values) - unbiased (there must be some outliers)
Prohibited methods - ANS-- Methylene chloride ... toxic and carcinogenic - Heat gun at or
1,100 °F or open-flame burning ... can cause lead to vaporize - Use of abrasive/grinding
sanders without a HEPA attachment - Dry scraping EXCEPT for electrical outlets
Quantitative and qualitative fit tests - ANS-"- Done ONCE a year OR when the respirator
brand, size, or type changes OR when someone gains or loses more than 10 pounds, has
facial changes, or is considered incompetent or has issues with the mask. - Done by a
competent person - Qualitative: Pass/Fail ... irritant smoke, isomelacetate - Quantitative:
Numerical ... Port-a-Count of Dynatech machine will determine what goes into the mask -
Can be asked to read the ""Rainbow Passage,"" grimace, open mouth, or do jumping jacks -
Must be clean-shaven when wearing a respirator ... NO COSMETICS!"
RCRA - ANS-- Resource Conservation Recovery Act of 1976 - Classifies hazardous waste
Regulatory dose limits for radiation - ANS-- Whole body: 5 rem/year - Skin/extremities: 50
rem/year - Declared pregnant worker: 0.5 rem/gestation period
SRM - ANS-- Standard Reference Material = mylar (homogenous) lead coating of 1.02
mg/cm2 - Established by NIST (National Institute for Standards and Technology)
Statutes - ANS-Federal laws ... violations result in loss of license plus penalties ... jail time
Substrate Correction Values - ANS-Old way CLC (corrected lead concentrations) = ALC
(average of 3 shots of apparent lead concentration) - SEL (average of 3 shots of substrate
lead equivalent) New way - Take 3 readings on bare substrate in one spot - Take another 3
readings on bare substrate in a new spot - Compute the correction value = Average of the 6
readings minus the NIST SRM (1.02 mg/cm2) - Subtract this value from the XRF readings to
correct for substrate bias
