Educational Leadership Fundamentals
Test (ELF Test) Exam Q&A 100% Pass
Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs - ✔✔1. Biological and Physiological needs -
air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sleep.
2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability,
freedom from fear.
3. Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, trust and acceptance,
receiving and giving affection and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family,
friends, work).
4. Esteem needs - achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance,
prestige, self-respect, respect from others.
5. Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking
personal growth and peak experiences.
Erikson's Stages of Social-Emotional Development - ✔✔a. Learning Basic Trust
Versus Basic Mistrust (Hope) • infancy through year two of life; child learns trust
through the care, love and nurture he receives
b. Learning Autonomy Versus Shame (Will) • 18 months until about 4 years old;
child expresses autonomy
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,c. Learning Initiative Versus Guilt (Purpose) • 3 ½ to 5 years old; "play age;"
child engages in creativity and imagination
d. Industry Versus Inferiority (Competence) • school aged (5 to 12 years old);
interaction with peers; understands rules and procedures; learns self-discipline
e. Learning Identity Versus Identity Diffusion (Fidelity) • adolescence (13 - 20
years old); self identity
f. Learning Intimacy Versus Isolation (Love) • long lasting friendships; marriage
g. Learning Generativity Versus Self-Absorption (Care) • Work, parenthood,
marriage
h. Integrity Versus Despair (Wisdom) • Able to look at one's life and be proud of
what one has accomplished
Kolb's learning process - ✔✔a. Experience: having a concrete experience
b. Observation: observation of and reflection on that experience
c. Conceptualization: the formation of abstract concepts (analysis) and
generalizations (conclusions)
d. Test: test hypothesis in future situations, resulting in new experiences
Jean Piaget's developmental stages for children - ✔✔a. Sensorimotor - The idea
that an object is still present, even if hidden.
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, b. Preoperational - Children are able to think about things symbolically and
given a meaning to an object.
c. Concrete Operational - Concrete Thinking is thinking about actual experiences
and tangible things.
d. Formal Operational - Abstract Thinking is thinking about ideas and concepts
apart from their concrete existence.
Vygotsky's learning theories - ✔✔Based on the social experiences a person has;
learning from others, a more knowledgeable adult; and interaction with peers.
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) - ✔✔This theorist found that when you have a pleasant
experience, such as receiving a compliment you internalize the experience as
positive. This is known as operant conditioning, or the theory of behaviorism.
They used rewards and punishments to control students, because they believed
that by controlling the environment, they would produce well‐educated
students.
Sensorimotor Stage - ✔✔In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2
years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their
sensory impressions and motor activities
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619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Test (ELF Test) Exam Q&A 100% Pass
Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs - ✔✔1. Biological and Physiological needs -
air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sleep.
2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability,
freedom from fear.
3. Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, trust and acceptance,
receiving and giving affection and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family,
friends, work).
4. Esteem needs - achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance,
prestige, self-respect, respect from others.
5. Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking
personal growth and peak experiences.
Erikson's Stages of Social-Emotional Development - ✔✔a. Learning Basic Trust
Versus Basic Mistrust (Hope) • infancy through year two of life; child learns trust
through the care, love and nurture he receives
b. Learning Autonomy Versus Shame (Will) • 18 months until about 4 years old;
child expresses autonomy
Page 1 of 26
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,c. Learning Initiative Versus Guilt (Purpose) • 3 ½ to 5 years old; "play age;"
child engages in creativity and imagination
d. Industry Versus Inferiority (Competence) • school aged (5 to 12 years old);
interaction with peers; understands rules and procedures; learns self-discipline
e. Learning Identity Versus Identity Diffusion (Fidelity) • adolescence (13 - 20
years old); self identity
f. Learning Intimacy Versus Isolation (Love) • long lasting friendships; marriage
g. Learning Generativity Versus Self-Absorption (Care) • Work, parenthood,
marriage
h. Integrity Versus Despair (Wisdom) • Able to look at one's life and be proud of
what one has accomplished
Kolb's learning process - ✔✔a. Experience: having a concrete experience
b. Observation: observation of and reflection on that experience
c. Conceptualization: the formation of abstract concepts (analysis) and
generalizations (conclusions)
d. Test: test hypothesis in future situations, resulting in new experiences
Jean Piaget's developmental stages for children - ✔✔a. Sensorimotor - The idea
that an object is still present, even if hidden.
Page 2 of 26
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, b. Preoperational - Children are able to think about things symbolically and
given a meaning to an object.
c. Concrete Operational - Concrete Thinking is thinking about actual experiences
and tangible things.
d. Formal Operational - Abstract Thinking is thinking about ideas and concepts
apart from their concrete existence.
Vygotsky's learning theories - ✔✔Based on the social experiences a person has;
learning from others, a more knowledgeable adult; and interaction with peers.
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) - ✔✔This theorist found that when you have a pleasant
experience, such as receiving a compliment you internalize the experience as
positive. This is known as operant conditioning, or the theory of behaviorism.
They used rewards and punishments to control students, because they believed
that by controlling the environment, they would produce well‐educated
students.
Sensorimotor Stage - ✔✔In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2
years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their
sensory impressions and motor activities
Page 3 of 26
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
