Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and
Physiology Questions And
Answers
Anatomy - Answer ✔✔ - the study of the structure of the body
Physiology - Answer ✔✔ - the study of the function of the body
Chemical level - Answer ✔✔ - represents the atoms and molecules that
make up cells (Consists of Atomic level and molecular level)
Cellular level - Answer ✔✔ - represents the basic unit of all living things
Tissue level - Answer ✔✔ - a group of cells with similar or common
function
Organ level - Answer ✔✔ - a group of tissues with similar or common
function
Organ system level - Answer ✔✔ - a group of organs with similar or
common function
Organismic level - Answer ✔✔ - the entire body consisting of the various
organ systems.
Integumentary System - Answer ✔✔ - controls body temperature &
protects body from environmental hazards
Skeletal System - Answer ✔✔ - supports body, protects soft body parts,
stores minerals, forms blood cells
Muscular System - Answer ✔✔ - movement, support and produces heat
Nervous System - Answer ✔✔ - controls immediate responses to stimuli
Endocrine System - Answer ✔✔ - controls long-term responses in body
Cardiovascular System - Answer ✔✔ - internal transport of nutrients,
wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide and cells
Lymphatic & Immune Systems - Answer ✔✔ - defense, immunity and
returns lost fluids to cardiovascular system
,Respiratory System - Answer ✔✔ - exchange of air and delivery of blood
gases to/from tissues
Digestive System - Answer ✔✔ - ingestion, breakdown and absorption of
food & elimination of indigestible wastes
Urinary System - Answer ✔✔ - filtration of blood to maintain proper water
and salt balance and to eliminate waste products
Reproductive System - Answer ✔✔ - produces sex cells and hormones
related to reproduction
homeostasis - Answer ✔✔ - condition in which body's internal environment
remains within certain narrow physiological limits
homeostatic regulation - Answer ✔✔ - adjustment of physiological system
to maintain homeostasis
receptor - Answer ✔✔ - monitors change in controlled condition (stimulus)
and sends input to control center
control (integration) center - Answer ✔✔ - receives input from receptor &
determines appropriate response
effector - Answer ✔✔ - cell or organ that receives information (output)
from control center and produces a response (effect)
interactions of a feedback system - Answer ✔✔ - stimulus -> receptor ->
input (afferent pathway) -> control center -> output (efferent pathway) ->
response
positive feedback - Answer ✔✔ - the response by the effector to the initial
change is to further exaggerate the change. Example in labor contractions,
the contraction of the uterus forces the baby towards the birth canal, which
places pressure on the cervix; the pressure of the baby against the cervix
causes uterine contraction, etc. - Answer ✔✔ - ...
Negative feedback - Answer ✔✔ - the response by the effector to the initial
change is to counter or reduce that change, thus bringing the system back to
its "normal" state. Example When blood sugar level rises, the pancreas
secretes
insulin which causes the cells of the body to take in glucose, thus removing
glucose from the blood and lowering blood sugar level. - Answer ✔✔ - ...
,Anatomical position - Answer ✔✔ - patient is erect, feet apart and palms
facing anteriorly Cephalic = head
Cranial - Answer ✔✔ - upper portion of head surrounding brain
Facial - Answer ✔✔ - face
cervical - Answer ✔✔ - neck
thoracic - Answer ✔✔ - chest
axillary - Answer ✔✔ - armpit
acromial - Answer ✔✔ - point of shoulder
deltoid - Answer ✔✔ - fleshy portion of shoulder
brachial - Answer ✔✔ - upper arm
antebrachial - Answer ✔✔ - forearm
antecubital - Answer ✔✔ - front of elbow
carpal - Answer ✔✔ - wrist
manual - Answer ✔✔ - hand
digital (phalangeal) - Answer ✔✔ - fingers or toes
abdominal - Answer ✔✔ - region of trunk between diaphragm and pelvis
dorsal - Answer ✔✔ - back
lumbar - Answer ✔✔ - lower back
olecranol - Answer ✔✔ - back of elbow
pelvic - Answer ✔✔ - pelvis
pubic - Answer ✔✔ - anterior pelvis
inguinal - Answer ✔✔ - junction of trunk and thighs (groin)
gluteal - Answer ✔✔ - buttocks
femoral - Answer ✔✔ - thigh
patellar - Answer ✔✔ - front of knee
, popliteal - Answer ✔✔ - back of knee
crural - Answer ✔✔ - anterior of lower leg (shin)
sural - Answer ✔✔ - posterior of lower leg (calf)
tarsal - Answer ✔✔ - ankle
pedal - Answer ✔✔ - foot
plantar - Answer ✔✔ - bottom of foot
superior ( - Answer ✔✔ - cephalic = cranial) = towards the head
inferior ( - Answer ✔✔ - caudal) = away from the head
anterior (ventral) - Answer ✔✔ - towards the front
posterior (dorsal) - Answer ✔✔ - towards the back
medial - Answer ✔✔ - towards the midline
lateral - Answer ✔✔ - away from the midline
proximal - Answer ✔✔ - towards the point of attachment (limbs)
distal - Answer ✔✔ - away from the point of attachment (limbs)
superficial - Answer ✔✔ - towards the surface (i.e., skin)
deep - Answer ✔✔ - away from the surface
Sagittal - Answer ✔✔ - separates the body into right and left parts
Midsaggital - Answer ✔✔ - median = separates the body into equal right
and left parts
Parasaggital - Answer ✔✔ - separates the body into unequal right and left
parts
Frontal - Answer ✔✔ - coronal = separates the body into anterior and
posterior parts
Transverse - Answer ✔✔ - horizontal - cross-sectional -separates the body
into superior and inferior parts
. - Answer ✔✔ - ...
Physiology Questions And
Answers
Anatomy - Answer ✔✔ - the study of the structure of the body
Physiology - Answer ✔✔ - the study of the function of the body
Chemical level - Answer ✔✔ - represents the atoms and molecules that
make up cells (Consists of Atomic level and molecular level)
Cellular level - Answer ✔✔ - represents the basic unit of all living things
Tissue level - Answer ✔✔ - a group of cells with similar or common
function
Organ level - Answer ✔✔ - a group of tissues with similar or common
function
Organ system level - Answer ✔✔ - a group of organs with similar or
common function
Organismic level - Answer ✔✔ - the entire body consisting of the various
organ systems.
Integumentary System - Answer ✔✔ - controls body temperature &
protects body from environmental hazards
Skeletal System - Answer ✔✔ - supports body, protects soft body parts,
stores minerals, forms blood cells
Muscular System - Answer ✔✔ - movement, support and produces heat
Nervous System - Answer ✔✔ - controls immediate responses to stimuli
Endocrine System - Answer ✔✔ - controls long-term responses in body
Cardiovascular System - Answer ✔✔ - internal transport of nutrients,
wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide and cells
Lymphatic & Immune Systems - Answer ✔✔ - defense, immunity and
returns lost fluids to cardiovascular system
,Respiratory System - Answer ✔✔ - exchange of air and delivery of blood
gases to/from tissues
Digestive System - Answer ✔✔ - ingestion, breakdown and absorption of
food & elimination of indigestible wastes
Urinary System - Answer ✔✔ - filtration of blood to maintain proper water
and salt balance and to eliminate waste products
Reproductive System - Answer ✔✔ - produces sex cells and hormones
related to reproduction
homeostasis - Answer ✔✔ - condition in which body's internal environment
remains within certain narrow physiological limits
homeostatic regulation - Answer ✔✔ - adjustment of physiological system
to maintain homeostasis
receptor - Answer ✔✔ - monitors change in controlled condition (stimulus)
and sends input to control center
control (integration) center - Answer ✔✔ - receives input from receptor &
determines appropriate response
effector - Answer ✔✔ - cell or organ that receives information (output)
from control center and produces a response (effect)
interactions of a feedback system - Answer ✔✔ - stimulus -> receptor ->
input (afferent pathway) -> control center -> output (efferent pathway) ->
response
positive feedback - Answer ✔✔ - the response by the effector to the initial
change is to further exaggerate the change. Example in labor contractions,
the contraction of the uterus forces the baby towards the birth canal, which
places pressure on the cervix; the pressure of the baby against the cervix
causes uterine contraction, etc. - Answer ✔✔ - ...
Negative feedback - Answer ✔✔ - the response by the effector to the initial
change is to counter or reduce that change, thus bringing the system back to
its "normal" state. Example When blood sugar level rises, the pancreas
secretes
insulin which causes the cells of the body to take in glucose, thus removing
glucose from the blood and lowering blood sugar level. - Answer ✔✔ - ...
,Anatomical position - Answer ✔✔ - patient is erect, feet apart and palms
facing anteriorly Cephalic = head
Cranial - Answer ✔✔ - upper portion of head surrounding brain
Facial - Answer ✔✔ - face
cervical - Answer ✔✔ - neck
thoracic - Answer ✔✔ - chest
axillary - Answer ✔✔ - armpit
acromial - Answer ✔✔ - point of shoulder
deltoid - Answer ✔✔ - fleshy portion of shoulder
brachial - Answer ✔✔ - upper arm
antebrachial - Answer ✔✔ - forearm
antecubital - Answer ✔✔ - front of elbow
carpal - Answer ✔✔ - wrist
manual - Answer ✔✔ - hand
digital (phalangeal) - Answer ✔✔ - fingers or toes
abdominal - Answer ✔✔ - region of trunk between diaphragm and pelvis
dorsal - Answer ✔✔ - back
lumbar - Answer ✔✔ - lower back
olecranol - Answer ✔✔ - back of elbow
pelvic - Answer ✔✔ - pelvis
pubic - Answer ✔✔ - anterior pelvis
inguinal - Answer ✔✔ - junction of trunk and thighs (groin)
gluteal - Answer ✔✔ - buttocks
femoral - Answer ✔✔ - thigh
patellar - Answer ✔✔ - front of knee
, popliteal - Answer ✔✔ - back of knee
crural - Answer ✔✔ - anterior of lower leg (shin)
sural - Answer ✔✔ - posterior of lower leg (calf)
tarsal - Answer ✔✔ - ankle
pedal - Answer ✔✔ - foot
plantar - Answer ✔✔ - bottom of foot
superior ( - Answer ✔✔ - cephalic = cranial) = towards the head
inferior ( - Answer ✔✔ - caudal) = away from the head
anterior (ventral) - Answer ✔✔ - towards the front
posterior (dorsal) - Answer ✔✔ - towards the back
medial - Answer ✔✔ - towards the midline
lateral - Answer ✔✔ - away from the midline
proximal - Answer ✔✔ - towards the point of attachment (limbs)
distal - Answer ✔✔ - away from the point of attachment (limbs)
superficial - Answer ✔✔ - towards the surface (i.e., skin)
deep - Answer ✔✔ - away from the surface
Sagittal - Answer ✔✔ - separates the body into right and left parts
Midsaggital - Answer ✔✔ - median = separates the body into equal right
and left parts
Parasaggital - Answer ✔✔ - separates the body into unequal right and left
parts
Frontal - Answer ✔✔ - coronal = separates the body into anterior and
posterior parts
Transverse - Answer ✔✔ - horizontal - cross-sectional -separates the body
into superior and inferior parts
. - Answer ✔✔ - ...
