NSG533 / NSG 533 Exam 1 (Latest ):
Advanced Pharmacology | Complete Review
Questions and Verified Answers | 100% Correct |
Grade A - Wilkes
Respiration
the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the cells of the body
Ventilation
bringing in of fresh air
Respiratory System
brings oxygen from the air into the body for delivery via the blood to cells
Upper Respiratory Tract
- nares, noses, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
- lined with epithelial cells that contain cilia
- Goblet cells produce mucus to trap foreign particles
- Cough receptors found mainly in the pharynx and trachea (suppress
nonproductive coughs only)
- diseases of URT caused by infectious agents
- produce clinical signs such as congestion, sneezing and coughs
Lower Respiratory Tract
,- Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
- Bronchioles lined with smooth muscle
- alveoli produce surfactant: keeps alveoli open by reducing surface tension
- diseases in animals include asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, and recurrent airway
obstruction (RAO in horses)
Bronchodilation
- sympathetic stimulation
- relaxation of muscle
Bronchoconstriction
- parasympathetic stimulation
- contraction of muscle
Expectorants (Debris Clearing)
- increase the flow of respiratory secretions to allow material to be coughed up
from the lungs
- increase the fluidity or mucus (makes it easier to cough up)
- lack of evidence supporting uses of these medications
- Guaifenesin
Guaifenesin
- increases secretions in airway and clear it as fluid
- used in horses as a muscle relaxant (Triple drip)
- AE: mild decreases in BP and increased HR
Mucolytics (Mucus Breaking)
,- decrease the viscosity or thickness of respiratory secretions
- Acetylcysteine
Acetylcysteine
- administered IV, orally, Nebulization
- also used to treat acetaminophen toxicity in cats and prevent corneal damage in
horses with ophthalmic disease
- AE: vomiting, rarely hives, lower RT may have chest tightness and irritation
Antitussives (Cough Controlling)
- suppress coughs: productive coughs are usually not suppressed
- may be centrally or locally acting
- Central: cough centers of the brain stem
- Locally: soothing irritation in the mucosal lining (syrups or lozenges; uncommon
in vet med)
Centrally Acting Antitussives
-opioids
- Dextromethorphan
- Trimeprazine
Opioids as Antitussives
- may cause respiratory depression
- butorphanol, hydrocodone, codeine
- controlled drugs; high potential for abuse
Dextromethorphan
, - OTC cough med
- chemically similar to codeine
- no evidence of effectiveness
Trimeprazine
- a combination product
- found in combination with prednisolone (Temaril-P)
Decongestants (Reducers of Swelling)
- decreases the congestion of nasal passages by reducing swelling
- sprays, liquid, or tabs PO
- Ex: Phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine (not for animals with hypertension or
tachycardia)
Pseudoephedrine
- combined with antihistamines in unapproved oral products marketed for
treatment of ROA
- used to manufacture methamphetamine (schedule V)
Phenylephrine
- used to shrink the spleen in cases of nephrosplenic colonic entrapment
- AVMA article: 5 older horses developed internal hemorrhage following
administration
Bronchodilators (Bronchi widening)
- widen the lumen of the bronchi and counteract bronchoconstriction
- produced by stimulating sympathetic NS or suppressing para-NS
Advanced Pharmacology | Complete Review
Questions and Verified Answers | 100% Correct |
Grade A - Wilkes
Respiration
the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the cells of the body
Ventilation
bringing in of fresh air
Respiratory System
brings oxygen from the air into the body for delivery via the blood to cells
Upper Respiratory Tract
- nares, noses, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
- lined with epithelial cells that contain cilia
- Goblet cells produce mucus to trap foreign particles
- Cough receptors found mainly in the pharynx and trachea (suppress
nonproductive coughs only)
- diseases of URT caused by infectious agents
- produce clinical signs such as congestion, sneezing and coughs
Lower Respiratory Tract
,- Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
- Bronchioles lined with smooth muscle
- alveoli produce surfactant: keeps alveoli open by reducing surface tension
- diseases in animals include asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, and recurrent airway
obstruction (RAO in horses)
Bronchodilation
- sympathetic stimulation
- relaxation of muscle
Bronchoconstriction
- parasympathetic stimulation
- contraction of muscle
Expectorants (Debris Clearing)
- increase the flow of respiratory secretions to allow material to be coughed up
from the lungs
- increase the fluidity or mucus (makes it easier to cough up)
- lack of evidence supporting uses of these medications
- Guaifenesin
Guaifenesin
- increases secretions in airway and clear it as fluid
- used in horses as a muscle relaxant (Triple drip)
- AE: mild decreases in BP and increased HR
Mucolytics (Mucus Breaking)
,- decrease the viscosity or thickness of respiratory secretions
- Acetylcysteine
Acetylcysteine
- administered IV, orally, Nebulization
- also used to treat acetaminophen toxicity in cats and prevent corneal damage in
horses with ophthalmic disease
- AE: vomiting, rarely hives, lower RT may have chest tightness and irritation
Antitussives (Cough Controlling)
- suppress coughs: productive coughs are usually not suppressed
- may be centrally or locally acting
- Central: cough centers of the brain stem
- Locally: soothing irritation in the mucosal lining (syrups or lozenges; uncommon
in vet med)
Centrally Acting Antitussives
-opioids
- Dextromethorphan
- Trimeprazine
Opioids as Antitussives
- may cause respiratory depression
- butorphanol, hydrocodone, codeine
- controlled drugs; high potential for abuse
Dextromethorphan
, - OTC cough med
- chemically similar to codeine
- no evidence of effectiveness
Trimeprazine
- a combination product
- found in combination with prednisolone (Temaril-P)
Decongestants (Reducers of Swelling)
- decreases the congestion of nasal passages by reducing swelling
- sprays, liquid, or tabs PO
- Ex: Phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine (not for animals with hypertension or
tachycardia)
Pseudoephedrine
- combined with antihistamines in unapproved oral products marketed for
treatment of ROA
- used to manufacture methamphetamine (schedule V)
Phenylephrine
- used to shrink the spleen in cases of nephrosplenic colonic entrapment
- AVMA article: 5 older horses developed internal hemorrhage following
administration
Bronchodilators (Bronchi widening)
- widen the lumen of the bronchi and counteract bronchoconstriction
- produced by stimulating sympathetic NS or suppressing para-NS
