Anthropology Exam 3 Questions and Answers Solved 100%
Where and how were Neanderthals last seen my modern humans? - Answers Perhaps about 80,000 ya,
modern peoples in the Middle East encountered being shot walked on two legs, hunted large animals,
made fire, lived in caves, and fashioned complex tools. These beings were the Neandertals.
When did the first modern Homo sapiens appear? Where? - Answers Close to 200,000 ya they appeared
in Africa. Within 150,000 ya their descendants had spread across most of the Old World, even expanding
as far as Australia.
Who are most likely the ancestors of Homo Sapiens? - Answers Homo heidelbergensis (African
populations)
What are the two models used to understanding modern human origins? - Answers Regional continuity
model and replacement models
The regional continuity model - Answers Multiregional evolution; Milford Wolpoff (UMich) suggests that
local populations- not all, of course,- in Europe, Asia, and Africa continued their indigenous evolutionary
development from premodern Middle Pleistocene forms to anatomically modern humans. Under this
model, there are no taxonomic distinctions between modern and premodern hominins. That is, all
hominins following H. erectus are classified as homo sapiens.
How could anatomically modern humans arise separately in different continents and end up so much
alike, both physically and genetically? (according to the RCM) - Answers 1. denies that the earliest
modern Homo Sapiens populations originated exclusively from Africa
2. asserts that significant levels of gene flow (migration) between various geographically dispersed
premodern populations were extremely likely throughout the Pleistocene.
Gene flow and natural selection (RCM) - Answers gene flow occurred between various geographically
dispersed premodern populations preventing different species from evolving independently/natural
selection and interbreeding would have prevented speciation between them.
Flaws with the multi-regional continuity model? - Answers They no longer tell us much useful
information about the origins of modern humans; nor do they seem to provide much information
regarding the dispersal of modern homo sapiens. Arguments against this model claim that people are
physically and geographically diversified (variations between them)
Replacement Model - Answers Replacement models all emphasis that modern humans first evolved in
Africa only later dispersed to other parts of the world, where they replaced those hominins already
living in these other regions.
Complete Replacement model - Answers Proposed by Stringer and Andrews that anatomically modern
populations arose in Africa within the last 200,000 years and then migrated from Africa, completely
replacing populations in Europe and Asia. This model doesn't account for a transition from premodern
, forms of modern Homo sapiens anywhere in the world except of Africa. This theory is older than the
partial replacement model. All modern humans first evolved in Africa then dispersed and replaced
existing hominins in other regions. Taxonomically, all of the premodern populations outside of Africa
would, in this view, be classified as belonging to different species of Homo.
Flaws of Complete replacement model - Answers Doesn't account for interbreeding (apparently very
little took place); A critical deduction of the original Stringer and Andrews theory argued that
anatomically modern humans appeared as the result of a biological speciation event. So in this view,
migrating African modern homo sapiens could not have interbred with local non-African populations,
because the African modern humans were a biologically different species.
Partial Replacement Model - Answers New findings confirmed that the degree of interbreeding was
modest, ranging from 1 to 4 percent in modern populations outside Africa, while also revealing that
contemporary Africans have no trace of Neandertal genes, suggesting that interbreeding occurred after
modern humans migrated out of Africa. Neandertals never lived anywhere in Africa. Originated in
African then dispersed to other areas where interbreeding and replacement occurred. Accounts for
interbreeding with premodern populations of Eurasia.
Cro-Magnon - Answers A rock-shelter in southern France. At this site, the remains of eight individuals
were disocovered in 1868. The Cro-Magnon materials are associated with an Aurignacian tool
assemblage, and upper Paleolitic industry. These individuals represent the earliest of France's
anatomically modern humans. The "Old Man" (crown-magnon 1) became the original model for what
was once termed the coo-magnon race of Europe.
What are the different theories describing modern human origins? Where does each believe modern
humans first appeared? When do they believe modern humans first appeared? - Answers
What evidence could be used to support each human origin theory? - Answers
Characteristics of Modern Homo Sapiens - Answers Physical Traits:
1. reduced body size
2. more defined chin
3. High forehead
4. Reduced brow ridge
5. More rounded skull shape
Cultural Traits:
1. Magdalenian tool technology
2. Art
Where and how were Neanderthals last seen my modern humans? - Answers Perhaps about 80,000 ya,
modern peoples in the Middle East encountered being shot walked on two legs, hunted large animals,
made fire, lived in caves, and fashioned complex tools. These beings were the Neandertals.
When did the first modern Homo sapiens appear? Where? - Answers Close to 200,000 ya they appeared
in Africa. Within 150,000 ya their descendants had spread across most of the Old World, even expanding
as far as Australia.
Who are most likely the ancestors of Homo Sapiens? - Answers Homo heidelbergensis (African
populations)
What are the two models used to understanding modern human origins? - Answers Regional continuity
model and replacement models
The regional continuity model - Answers Multiregional evolution; Milford Wolpoff (UMich) suggests that
local populations- not all, of course,- in Europe, Asia, and Africa continued their indigenous evolutionary
development from premodern Middle Pleistocene forms to anatomically modern humans. Under this
model, there are no taxonomic distinctions between modern and premodern hominins. That is, all
hominins following H. erectus are classified as homo sapiens.
How could anatomically modern humans arise separately in different continents and end up so much
alike, both physically and genetically? (according to the RCM) - Answers 1. denies that the earliest
modern Homo Sapiens populations originated exclusively from Africa
2. asserts that significant levels of gene flow (migration) between various geographically dispersed
premodern populations were extremely likely throughout the Pleistocene.
Gene flow and natural selection (RCM) - Answers gene flow occurred between various geographically
dispersed premodern populations preventing different species from evolving independently/natural
selection and interbreeding would have prevented speciation between them.
Flaws with the multi-regional continuity model? - Answers They no longer tell us much useful
information about the origins of modern humans; nor do they seem to provide much information
regarding the dispersal of modern homo sapiens. Arguments against this model claim that people are
physically and geographically diversified (variations between them)
Replacement Model - Answers Replacement models all emphasis that modern humans first evolved in
Africa only later dispersed to other parts of the world, where they replaced those hominins already
living in these other regions.
Complete Replacement model - Answers Proposed by Stringer and Andrews that anatomically modern
populations arose in Africa within the last 200,000 years and then migrated from Africa, completely
replacing populations in Europe and Asia. This model doesn't account for a transition from premodern
, forms of modern Homo sapiens anywhere in the world except of Africa. This theory is older than the
partial replacement model. All modern humans first evolved in Africa then dispersed and replaced
existing hominins in other regions. Taxonomically, all of the premodern populations outside of Africa
would, in this view, be classified as belonging to different species of Homo.
Flaws of Complete replacement model - Answers Doesn't account for interbreeding (apparently very
little took place); A critical deduction of the original Stringer and Andrews theory argued that
anatomically modern humans appeared as the result of a biological speciation event. So in this view,
migrating African modern homo sapiens could not have interbred with local non-African populations,
because the African modern humans were a biologically different species.
Partial Replacement Model - Answers New findings confirmed that the degree of interbreeding was
modest, ranging from 1 to 4 percent in modern populations outside Africa, while also revealing that
contemporary Africans have no trace of Neandertal genes, suggesting that interbreeding occurred after
modern humans migrated out of Africa. Neandertals never lived anywhere in Africa. Originated in
African then dispersed to other areas where interbreeding and replacement occurred. Accounts for
interbreeding with premodern populations of Eurasia.
Cro-Magnon - Answers A rock-shelter in southern France. At this site, the remains of eight individuals
were disocovered in 1868. The Cro-Magnon materials are associated with an Aurignacian tool
assemblage, and upper Paleolitic industry. These individuals represent the earliest of France's
anatomically modern humans. The "Old Man" (crown-magnon 1) became the original model for what
was once termed the coo-magnon race of Europe.
What are the different theories describing modern human origins? Where does each believe modern
humans first appeared? When do they believe modern humans first appeared? - Answers
What evidence could be used to support each human origin theory? - Answers
Characteristics of Modern Homo Sapiens - Answers Physical Traits:
1. reduced body size
2. more defined chin
3. High forehead
4. Reduced brow ridge
5. More rounded skull shape
Cultural Traits:
1. Magdalenian tool technology
2. Art
