SOLUTIONS & INSTRUCTOR MANUAL Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th Edition (2020) by Peter Norvig and Stuart Russell, Chapters 1 – 28

,123454647893884 6
932634 
93884 31 3
992884
84 28726
4 

726
4
8 ! 42 3
"1272478726
7#7 
$
3274373457634 28
999% &8 '274 '787 4
()46781 3
*+423,22)46
-952 6 4+423,22)46
.% &8 / 2 3734 
137387 4 
901 623742&8 7274
373454 1 623743
27484346/ 74 

27484346/ 74 244 
"274843462274 
$5724 486 644
(5724
8 6 644
*58347 36 644 5724 
0576
4 )724
-)724 52! 78

, 1234567879 6 5888 4
14434567879
11487644734567879


785879
4648879
575879
1 !5
653579
594 64879
1"44345678796!5
653579
594 64879
1#

46887
1$ 8

7
87
1% &8&'
(&8
57)54' *
1+,&4-

64 *

, ! "#$% %
$'(")*+#($)'
&
',-.-/0-1,23045,1-/.67.8-9,4894-/98:/0;-.2<=.>9?.2.1.2.4:.8=/.2.048=.28:04@.
1,74A20-/.2-/04=29-94>-/.3,7-B-/.17CC048=.28=,7CA@.102-,,C,4>D
EFEG
tupvlwxpyzIzI{|}~

|€‚ƒ€
‚ƒ
„†‡
ˆƒ
ˆ ‡‰Š‹
ŒŽ
‚ƒ€‚‘€ƒ’€“
Œ”Ž
‡‚‚’‚
‚ƒ€‚‘€ƒ’€“
Œ’Ž
‘€ƒ“
Œ‰Ž
‡•

‚ƒ‚„“
Œ€Ž
‘‚’
‡€Šƒ‚ƒ‘–

HIG*9:-9,4025A.1949-9,48,1 JKLMNKOPQJNRJSTNUKVKUWJXNJPNKUYQWZTNK[\NKVVLXN
M[P]LT\^T_NPZNRJSTNK̀UQLJXNPǸJSPQ^SJNK[\NZTKaP[_NPZNRJSTNKOWLWJXNJPNUPbVZTST[\NK[\N
VZPẀJNZ̀PbNTcVTZWT[UTd_(/.8.02.0CC2.08,40@C.048=.28<@7-91=.=04-8,3.-/94>
6704-9190@C.=.=,7CA78.8,3.-/94>C9e.RJST0@9C9-5-,0:-87::.8817CC50:2,880=9A.
ZK[^TNPǸPOfTUJWgTaNW[NUPbVLTcNT[gWZP[bT[Jad_
hIGi.A.194. 08-/.8-7A504A:,48-27:-9,4,10>.4-;2,>2038-/0-
;.21,23=.CC940>9?.4:C088,1.4?92,43.4-8<1,20>9?.40>.4-02:/9-.:-72.j-/.5A,
-/.29>/--/94>Dk493;,2-04-;02-,1-/0-98A.0C94>=9-/-/.74:.2-094-5,1=/0--/.
:722.4-8-0-.98<=/0--/.,7-:,3.,1;,889@C.0:-9,4839>/-@.<04A=/0-989--/0-=.
2.0CC5A.892.D
lIGi.A.194.04 0804.4-9-5-/0--0e.80:-9,4942.8;,48.-,;.2:.;-812,304.4?9m
2,43.4-D
nIGi.A.194. KaNJSTNVZPVTZJXNPǸKNaXaJTbN]SWUSN\PTaNJSTNRZW^SJNJSW[^_N^WgT[N
=/0-9-e4,=8D%..%.:-9,4oDo1,203,2.:,3;C.-.A98:7889,4D(/.@089::,4:.;-98
;.21.:-20-9,40C9-5j%.:-9,4 A.8:29@.8-/.93;,889@9C9-5,10:/9.?94>;.21.:-20-9,40Cm9-5
04A;2,;,8.8040C-.240-9?.A.1949-9,4D
pIGi.A.194. 08-/.0;2,:.88,1A.29?94>4.=8.4-.4:.812,3,CA<87:/
-/0--/.4.=8.4-.4:.802.4.:.88029C5-27.91-/.,CA,4.802.-27.Dq',-9:.-/0-A,.84,-
2.1.2-,0458;.:919:854-0r,21,230CC04>70>.<@7-9-A,.82.6792.0=.CCmA.194.A4,-9,4,1

-27-/Ds
tupvlwxpyzIzI{—˜™š

›œžŸ¡¢£¤¥¦§Ÿ¨¢£¥£¤©Ÿªªœ¢Ÿ¨¤Ÿ«¬Ÿ­¡¢£¤¥®Ÿ¯°±²³´
šƒ
µ€
¶¶€‡“
µ€
‰‚Š’†ŠŠ€Š
Š€·€‡

”¸€’‚ƒŠ

µ‚Š
¶‡¶Š€‰
€ƒ€‡¶‡‚Š€
ƒ‰
µ‚Š
€Š
‡
‚ƒ€‚‘€ƒ’€–
¹µ‚’µ
”¸€’‚ƒŠ
Š‚
’‡‡„


0
2324
56789
7 
  6 


8
9
86968
6