SEELEY'S ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ALL EVALUATION
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 2025/2026 GRADED A+
receptor site - area of a receptor protein that attaches to specific chemical signals
****enzyme - ****catalyzes chemical reactions on either the inner or outer surface of the
plasma membrane
selectively permeable - allows only certain substances to pass through it
diffusion - movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
solute concentration;examples: smell of coffee, aerosol can
concentration gradient - concentration difference between two points, divided by the
distances between the two points
viscosity - measure of how easily a liquid flows
osmosis - water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane
facilitated diffusion - carrier proteins combine with substances and move them across
the plasma membrane; no ATP (energy) is used; always moved from areas of higher
concentration to lower concentration; the rate of transport is directly proportional to the
concentration gradient between the solute and the solvent
active transport - ATP-powered pumps combine with substances and move them across
the plasma membrane; ATP is used; substances can be move from areas of lower
concentration to higher concentration
secondary active transport - In secondary active transport, an ion, such as sodium, is
moved across the PM active transport, and the energy produced by the ion diffusing
attachment protein - integral protein that allows a cell to attach to other cells or to
extracellular molecules
cadhedrin - protein that attaches a cell to other cells
integrin - protein that attaches a cell to extracellular molecules
transport protein - integral protein that allows ions or molecules to move from one side
of the plasma membrane to the other
channel protein - one or more integral proteins arranged so that they form a tiny channel
through the plasma membrane
leak ion (non-gated) channel - channel protein that is always open and responsible for
the plasma membrane's permeability to ions when the membrane is at rest, in charge of
balance
, gated ion channel - channel protein that can be opened or closed
ligand - chemical signal
ligand-gated ion channel - channel protein that opens or closes in response to chemical
signals
voltage-gated ion channel - channel protein that opens or closes when there is a
change in charge across the plasma membrane
carrier protein (transporter) - integral membrane protein that moves ions or molecules
from one side of the plasma membrane to the other; has specific binding sites to which
ions or molecules attach on one side of the plasma membrane; change shape to move
the bound ions or molecules
back down its concentration gradient can transport another molecule, such as glucose,
against its concentration gradient
endocytosis - plasma membrane forms a vesicle around the substances to be
transported; requires ATP, moving material into a cell
phagocytosis - "cell-eating;" solid particles are ingested and vesicles are formed
pinocytosis - "cell-drinking"; contain molecules dissolved in liquid; smaller vesicles
receptor-mediated endocytosis, 2 examples - receptor cites combine only with certain
molecules, ex. Cholesterol and growth factors
exocytosis, examples - materials manufactured by the cell are packaged in secretory
vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents in the outside
of the cell Ex. milk from the mammary glands, and mucus from the salivary glands
cytosol - fluid portion of the plasma of the cytoplasm; contains 1.a fluid containing
colloids(proteins), 2.cytoskeletal components, 3.cytoplasmic inclusions
cytoskeleton - supports the cell and holds the nucleus and other organelles in
place,responsible for cell movements; consists of the microtubules, actin filaments
(microfilaments) and the intermediate filaments
cytoplasmic inclusion - aggregates of chemicals either produced or taken in by the cell,
eg.:lipid droplets, glycogen granules,hemoglogin,melanin,lipochromes,dust,minerals
and dyes
cytoplasm - cellular material outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane, it is
made up of 1/2 cytosol, 1/2 organelles
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 2025/2026 GRADED A+
receptor site - area of a receptor protein that attaches to specific chemical signals
****enzyme - ****catalyzes chemical reactions on either the inner or outer surface of the
plasma membrane
selectively permeable - allows only certain substances to pass through it
diffusion - movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
solute concentration;examples: smell of coffee, aerosol can
concentration gradient - concentration difference between two points, divided by the
distances between the two points
viscosity - measure of how easily a liquid flows
osmosis - water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane
facilitated diffusion - carrier proteins combine with substances and move them across
the plasma membrane; no ATP (energy) is used; always moved from areas of higher
concentration to lower concentration; the rate of transport is directly proportional to the
concentration gradient between the solute and the solvent
active transport - ATP-powered pumps combine with substances and move them across
the plasma membrane; ATP is used; substances can be move from areas of lower
concentration to higher concentration
secondary active transport - In secondary active transport, an ion, such as sodium, is
moved across the PM active transport, and the energy produced by the ion diffusing
attachment protein - integral protein that allows a cell to attach to other cells or to
extracellular molecules
cadhedrin - protein that attaches a cell to other cells
integrin - protein that attaches a cell to extracellular molecules
transport protein - integral protein that allows ions or molecules to move from one side
of the plasma membrane to the other
channel protein - one or more integral proteins arranged so that they form a tiny channel
through the plasma membrane
leak ion (non-gated) channel - channel protein that is always open and responsible for
the plasma membrane's permeability to ions when the membrane is at rest, in charge of
balance
, gated ion channel - channel protein that can be opened or closed
ligand - chemical signal
ligand-gated ion channel - channel protein that opens or closes in response to chemical
signals
voltage-gated ion channel - channel protein that opens or closes when there is a
change in charge across the plasma membrane
carrier protein (transporter) - integral membrane protein that moves ions or molecules
from one side of the plasma membrane to the other; has specific binding sites to which
ions or molecules attach on one side of the plasma membrane; change shape to move
the bound ions or molecules
back down its concentration gradient can transport another molecule, such as glucose,
against its concentration gradient
endocytosis - plasma membrane forms a vesicle around the substances to be
transported; requires ATP, moving material into a cell
phagocytosis - "cell-eating;" solid particles are ingested and vesicles are formed
pinocytosis - "cell-drinking"; contain molecules dissolved in liquid; smaller vesicles
receptor-mediated endocytosis, 2 examples - receptor cites combine only with certain
molecules, ex. Cholesterol and growth factors
exocytosis, examples - materials manufactured by the cell are packaged in secretory
vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents in the outside
of the cell Ex. milk from the mammary glands, and mucus from the salivary glands
cytosol - fluid portion of the plasma of the cytoplasm; contains 1.a fluid containing
colloids(proteins), 2.cytoskeletal components, 3.cytoplasmic inclusions
cytoskeleton - supports the cell and holds the nucleus and other organelles in
place,responsible for cell movements; consists of the microtubules, actin filaments
(microfilaments) and the intermediate filaments
cytoplasmic inclusion - aggregates of chemicals either produced or taken in by the cell,
eg.:lipid droplets, glycogen granules,hemoglogin,melanin,lipochromes,dust,minerals
and dyes
cytoplasm - cellular material outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane, it is
made up of 1/2 cytosol, 1/2 organelles
