BIO 205 Chapter 8 Summary

CHAPTER 8

LAB OUTLINE

I. INTRODUCTION
A. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower extremities and the
shoulder and hip girdles.
B. The appendicular skeleton functions primarily to facilitate movement.


II. PECTORAL (SHOULDER) GIRDLE
1. The pectoral or shoulder girdle attaches the bones of the upper limbs to the axial
skeleton (Figure 8.1).
2. The pectoral girdle bones are discussed in Exhibits 8.A and 8.B.
A. Clavicle
1. The clavicle or collar bone lies horizontally in the superior and anterior part of
thorax superior to the first rib and articulates with the sternum and the clavicle
(Figure 8.2).
B. Scapula
1. The scapula or shoulder blade articulates with the __________ and the humerus
(Figure 8.3).
2. The scapulae articulate with other bones anteriorly, but are held in place
posteriorly only by complex shoulder and back musculature.


III. UPPER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
1. Each upper limb consists of 30 bones including the humerus, ulna, radius,
carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges (Figure 8.4 and 8.5).
A. Humerus
1. The humerus is the longest and largest bone of the upper limb (Figure 8.4).
2. It articulates proximally with the scapula and distally at the elbow with both the
_________ and ulna.
B. Ulna and Radius
1. The ulna is located on the _____________ aspect of the forearm (Figure 8.5).
2. The radius is located on the _____________ aspect (thumb side) of the forearm
(Figure 8.5)