C168 - CRITICAL THINKING AND
LOGIC - REFACTORED
QUESTIONS AND COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
Your Exam Plug
,bottom-up approach to critical reasoning - Answer:
Critical thinking comprises what three interlinking dimensions? - Answer: -Analyzing one's own thinking-
breaking it down into its component parts.
-Evaluating one's own thinking- identifying its weaknesses while recognizing its strengths.
-Improving one's own thinking- reconstructing it to make it better.
Critical thinking is characteristically what? - Answer: self-directed
self-disciplined
self-monitored
self-corrective
sociocentrism - Answer: the assumption that one's own social group is inherently superior to all others
In reasoning through any problem, a well-cultivated critical thinker: - Answer: Raises vital questions
Gathers and assesses relevant information
Reaches well-reasoned conclusions and solutions
Thinks open-mindedly
Communicates effectively with others
First-order thinking - Answer: Americans have always done it that way, and as the greatest country in
the world, it's always worked for us in the past.
How can we trust the engineering work on this building? The structural engineers weren't educated in
the U.S.
My intuition tells me to turn right here, so I won't bother to look at the map.
Second-order thinking - Answer: The assumptions we've relied upon may be flawed. Let's review them
again.
I'd like to talk this over with some colleagues. They may have some insights we are missing.
,As far as I am concerned, you're headed down the wrong path on this project, and I'm rarely wrong on
these matters.
I didn't completely understand the repercussions of my original decision, and so now I have changed my
mind and I am recommending a new approach.This is an example of second-order thinking, which is self-
correcting.
weak sense critical thinkers - Answer: Ignore the flaws in their own thinking
Often seek to win an argument through intellectual trickery or deceit.
Lacks key higher-level skills and values of critical thinking
Makes no good faith effort to consider alternative viewpoints.
Lacks fair-mindedness
Employ lower-level rhetorical skills (making unreasonable thinking appear reasonable and reasonable
thinking appear unreasonable).
Employ emotionalism and intellectual trickery.
Hide or distort evidence
strong sense critical thinkers - Answer: consistent pursuit of what is intellectually fair and just strive to
be ethical
strive to empathize with other's viewpoints
will entertain arguments with which they do not agree
change their views when confronted with superior reasoning.
employ their thinking reasonable instead of manipulatively.
requires fair mindedness combined with basic critical thinking skills
Fair mindedness yields many intellectual virtues - Answer: consider all thinking by the same standards
expect good reasoning from supporters as well as from opponents
apply the same critical criteria to our own logic as to others' reasoning
recognize the actual strengths and weaknesses of any reasoning we assess
Intellectual Humility - Answer: Characterization
, Commitment to discovering the extent of one's own ignorance on any issue
Recognition that one does not—and cannot—know everything
Consciousness of one's biases and prejudices
Aware of the limitations of one's viewpoint
Recognition that one should claim only what one actually knows
Awareness that egocentrism is often self-deceiving (i.e., convinces the mind that it knows more than it
does)
Its Opposite
Intellectual arrogance
Overestimation of how much one knows
No insight into self-deception or into the limitations of one's viewpoint
Relationship to Fair-Mindedness
Fair-mindedness requires us to first recognize the ignorance and flaws in our own thinking and to
comport ourselves accordingly. It requires self-awareness and a willingness to examine the limitations of
one's own point of view.
Being a fair-minded thinker means habitually applying the standards of reasoning to one's own thinking
in an effort to improve it.
Intellectual Courage - Answer: Characterization
Confronting ideas, viewpoints, or beliefs with fairness, even when doing so is painful
Examining fairly beliefs which one has strong negative feelings and toward which one has previously
been dismissive
Challenging popular belief
Leads us to recognize that ideas which society deems dangerous or absurd may hold some truth or
justification
Fortifies us to confront false or distorted ideas embraced by social groups to which we belong
Its Opposite
LOGIC - REFACTORED
QUESTIONS AND COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
Your Exam Plug
,bottom-up approach to critical reasoning - Answer:
Critical thinking comprises what three interlinking dimensions? - Answer: -Analyzing one's own thinking-
breaking it down into its component parts.
-Evaluating one's own thinking- identifying its weaknesses while recognizing its strengths.
-Improving one's own thinking- reconstructing it to make it better.
Critical thinking is characteristically what? - Answer: self-directed
self-disciplined
self-monitored
self-corrective
sociocentrism - Answer: the assumption that one's own social group is inherently superior to all others
In reasoning through any problem, a well-cultivated critical thinker: - Answer: Raises vital questions
Gathers and assesses relevant information
Reaches well-reasoned conclusions and solutions
Thinks open-mindedly
Communicates effectively with others
First-order thinking - Answer: Americans have always done it that way, and as the greatest country in
the world, it's always worked for us in the past.
How can we trust the engineering work on this building? The structural engineers weren't educated in
the U.S.
My intuition tells me to turn right here, so I won't bother to look at the map.
Second-order thinking - Answer: The assumptions we've relied upon may be flawed. Let's review them
again.
I'd like to talk this over with some colleagues. They may have some insights we are missing.
,As far as I am concerned, you're headed down the wrong path on this project, and I'm rarely wrong on
these matters.
I didn't completely understand the repercussions of my original decision, and so now I have changed my
mind and I am recommending a new approach.This is an example of second-order thinking, which is self-
correcting.
weak sense critical thinkers - Answer: Ignore the flaws in their own thinking
Often seek to win an argument through intellectual trickery or deceit.
Lacks key higher-level skills and values of critical thinking
Makes no good faith effort to consider alternative viewpoints.
Lacks fair-mindedness
Employ lower-level rhetorical skills (making unreasonable thinking appear reasonable and reasonable
thinking appear unreasonable).
Employ emotionalism and intellectual trickery.
Hide or distort evidence
strong sense critical thinkers - Answer: consistent pursuit of what is intellectually fair and just strive to
be ethical
strive to empathize with other's viewpoints
will entertain arguments with which they do not agree
change their views when confronted with superior reasoning.
employ their thinking reasonable instead of manipulatively.
requires fair mindedness combined with basic critical thinking skills
Fair mindedness yields many intellectual virtues - Answer: consider all thinking by the same standards
expect good reasoning from supporters as well as from opponents
apply the same critical criteria to our own logic as to others' reasoning
recognize the actual strengths and weaknesses of any reasoning we assess
Intellectual Humility - Answer: Characterization
, Commitment to discovering the extent of one's own ignorance on any issue
Recognition that one does not—and cannot—know everything
Consciousness of one's biases and prejudices
Aware of the limitations of one's viewpoint
Recognition that one should claim only what one actually knows
Awareness that egocentrism is often self-deceiving (i.e., convinces the mind that it knows more than it
does)
Its Opposite
Intellectual arrogance
Overestimation of how much one knows
No insight into self-deception or into the limitations of one's viewpoint
Relationship to Fair-Mindedness
Fair-mindedness requires us to first recognize the ignorance and flaws in our own thinking and to
comport ourselves accordingly. It requires self-awareness and a willingness to examine the limitations of
one's own point of view.
Being a fair-minded thinker means habitually applying the standards of reasoning to one's own thinking
in an effort to improve it.
Intellectual Courage - Answer: Characterization
Confronting ideas, viewpoints, or beliefs with fairness, even when doing so is painful
Examining fairly beliefs which one has strong negative feelings and toward which one has previously
been dismissive
Challenging popular belief
Leads us to recognize that ideas which society deems dangerous or absurd may hold some truth or
justification
Fortifies us to confront false or distorted ideas embraced by social groups to which we belong
Its Opposite
