EPIB301 EVALUATION QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
2025/2026 GRADED A+
epidemiologic transition - shifts from death from infectious disease to chronic diseases
demographic transition - shift from high birth/high death to low birth/low death in
developed societies
risk - the probability that an event will occur
risk factor - an exposure that is associated with a disease, morbidity, or adverse health
outcome
why is epi considered by foundation of PH? aka what are the 3 core functions - 1.
assessment and monitoring of the health of communities and populations at risk to
identify health problems
2. formulation of public policies to designed to solve identified local and national health
problems
3. assure that all populations have access to appropriate and cost-effective care
variable - any measurable characteristic of individuals that differs across individuals
(age, sex, race, diet, etc)
binary health indicator - variable that takes on two values (either present or absent)
ordinal health indicator - takes on multiple graded values (how would you rate your
health?)
continuous health indicator - variable with continuous response options (age, weeks
pregnant, cholesterol level)
ratio - the value obtained by dividing one quantity by another (rates, proportions,
percentages)
prevalence - the proportion of cases among the total population at any given time
(answers question: how common is it?)
incidence - probability of a new onset of disease among those at risk for developing the
illness
crude rate - a type of rate that has not been modified to take account of any of the
factors such as the demographic make-up of population
adjusted rate - rate of morbidity or mortality in a population in which statistical
procedures have been applied to permit fair comparisons across populations by
removing the effect of differences in the composition of various populaitons
, external validity - generalizability of findings to the population from which the data have
been taken
BRFSS (behavioral risk factor surveillance system) - used by the US to monitor at the
state level behavioral risk factors that are associated with chronic diseases
registry - centralized database for collection of information about a disease
3 types of exposures - 1. acute
2. chronic
3. time-varying (diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption)
case fatality rate formula - number of deaths due to disease / number of cases of
disease
proportional mortality ratio (PMR) - number of deaths within a population due to a
specific disease or cause / total deaths in population
cause specific rate - mortality rate from a specified cause for a pop; number of deaths
from cause / size of population during that time
US Bureau of Census - provides data to define the denominator in rates; census
conducted every 10 years
crude birth rate - number of live births./ size of population then x1000
general fertility rate - number of live births / number of women aged 15-44
3 variables of descriptive epi - person, place, time
case reports (and advantages/disad) - accounts a single occurrence of a noteworthy
health-related incident or small collection of events
-good for rare disease
-bad for cause and effect
cross sectional studies - examines relationship of disease and other variables during
that time period (like sex, age, race)
secular trends - gradual changes in frequency of disease over long periods of time (ex.
yearly suicide rate of US females)
cyclic trends - increase and decrease during peak times of year (for ex. flu peaks in
February)
2025/2026 GRADED A+
epidemiologic transition - shifts from death from infectious disease to chronic diseases
demographic transition - shift from high birth/high death to low birth/low death in
developed societies
risk - the probability that an event will occur
risk factor - an exposure that is associated with a disease, morbidity, or adverse health
outcome
why is epi considered by foundation of PH? aka what are the 3 core functions - 1.
assessment and monitoring of the health of communities and populations at risk to
identify health problems
2. formulation of public policies to designed to solve identified local and national health
problems
3. assure that all populations have access to appropriate and cost-effective care
variable - any measurable characteristic of individuals that differs across individuals
(age, sex, race, diet, etc)
binary health indicator - variable that takes on two values (either present or absent)
ordinal health indicator - takes on multiple graded values (how would you rate your
health?)
continuous health indicator - variable with continuous response options (age, weeks
pregnant, cholesterol level)
ratio - the value obtained by dividing one quantity by another (rates, proportions,
percentages)
prevalence - the proportion of cases among the total population at any given time
(answers question: how common is it?)
incidence - probability of a new onset of disease among those at risk for developing the
illness
crude rate - a type of rate that has not been modified to take account of any of the
factors such as the demographic make-up of population
adjusted rate - rate of morbidity or mortality in a population in which statistical
procedures have been applied to permit fair comparisons across populations by
removing the effect of differences in the composition of various populaitons
, external validity - generalizability of findings to the population from which the data have
been taken
BRFSS (behavioral risk factor surveillance system) - used by the US to monitor at the
state level behavioral risk factors that are associated with chronic diseases
registry - centralized database for collection of information about a disease
3 types of exposures - 1. acute
2. chronic
3. time-varying (diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption)
case fatality rate formula - number of deaths due to disease / number of cases of
disease
proportional mortality ratio (PMR) - number of deaths within a population due to a
specific disease or cause / total deaths in population
cause specific rate - mortality rate from a specified cause for a pop; number of deaths
from cause / size of population during that time
US Bureau of Census - provides data to define the denominator in rates; census
conducted every 10 years
crude birth rate - number of live births./ size of population then x1000
general fertility rate - number of live births / number of women aged 15-44
3 variables of descriptive epi - person, place, time
case reports (and advantages/disad) - accounts a single occurrence of a noteworthy
health-related incident or small collection of events
-good for rare disease
-bad for cause and effect
cross sectional studies - examines relationship of disease and other variables during
that time period (like sex, age, race)
secular trends - gradual changes in frequency of disease over long periods of time (ex.
yearly suicide rate of US females)
cyclic trends - increase and decrease during peak times of year (for ex. flu peaks in
February)
