CETP - Speech Sound Development & Disorders complete with verified
solutions already graded A+(solved & updated)
What is the difference between articulation and phonology? - answer -
Articulation is the production of individual sounds ("surface").
- Phonology is the knowledge of a language's sound system and patterns
("underlying").
What does marked and unmarked mean in the context of speech sound
development? - answer The term unmarked refers to sounds that are
easier to acquire, while marked are not and develop later (cross-
linguistically).
What is a distinctive features paradigm? - answer - A distinctive feature is
a unique characteristic of a phoneme that distinguishes it from another.
- It is a binary system where each sound is [+/-] a certain feature (e.g.,
voicing, stridency).
- Can be used to describe both vowels and consonants
What is the place-manner-voice paradigm? - answer Used to describe only
consonants by:
- Place of articulation: bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, palatal,
velar, pharyngeal, glottal.
- Manner of articulation: stops, fricatives, affricates, glides, liquids
- Voicing
What is the behavioural theory of articulatory acquisition? - answer -
Speech sounds are acquired like any other skill - through classic
conditioning and learning.
- A child's babbling is continuous and gradually shapes into adult forms.
What is the structural theory of articulatory acquisition? - answer - A child
begins with maximal contrasts (e.g., /p/ and /a/) and differentiates/fine-
tunes them into more subtle contrasts
- This development is innate, universal, and hierarchical
- There is discontinuity between child and adult forms.
, What is the theory of natural phonology? - answer - Phonological
processes are innate, and we learn to suppress those that do not occur in
our target languages.
- Children have these representations but any errors are due to output
constraints (e.g., anatomy) that lead to a simplified version of the adult
model.
What is the theory of generative phonology? - answer - Phonological
descriptions are based on information from other linguistic levels.
- Transformational rules explain the difference between underlying and
surface representations.
What is the theory of linear/non-linear phonology? - answer - Linear
phonology: sounds are discrete, independent sets of features and on the
same level (equal).
- Non-linear phonology: sounds and supralinguistic variables (stress, tone,
prosody) are arranged in a hierarchy.
What is the phonation stage of speech production? - answer - Between the
ages of 0-1 months.
- Reflexive vocalizations (burping, coughing, crying); no speech sounds.
What is the cooing/gooing stage of speech production? - answer - Between
the ages of 2-4 months.
- /u/-like or /k,g/-like sounds. No speech sounds.
What is the expansion stage of speech production? - answer - Between the
ages of 4-6 months.
- "Play" vocalizations (e.g., squeals, raspberries).
- Speech-like sounds.
What is the canonical (reduplicated) babbling stage of speech production?
- answer - Between ages 6-8 months.
solutions already graded A+(solved & updated)
What is the difference between articulation and phonology? - answer -
Articulation is the production of individual sounds ("surface").
- Phonology is the knowledge of a language's sound system and patterns
("underlying").
What does marked and unmarked mean in the context of speech sound
development? - answer The term unmarked refers to sounds that are
easier to acquire, while marked are not and develop later (cross-
linguistically).
What is a distinctive features paradigm? - answer - A distinctive feature is
a unique characteristic of a phoneme that distinguishes it from another.
- It is a binary system where each sound is [+/-] a certain feature (e.g.,
voicing, stridency).
- Can be used to describe both vowels and consonants
What is the place-manner-voice paradigm? - answer Used to describe only
consonants by:
- Place of articulation: bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, palatal,
velar, pharyngeal, glottal.
- Manner of articulation: stops, fricatives, affricates, glides, liquids
- Voicing
What is the behavioural theory of articulatory acquisition? - answer -
Speech sounds are acquired like any other skill - through classic
conditioning and learning.
- A child's babbling is continuous and gradually shapes into adult forms.
What is the structural theory of articulatory acquisition? - answer - A child
begins with maximal contrasts (e.g., /p/ and /a/) and differentiates/fine-
tunes them into more subtle contrasts
- This development is innate, universal, and hierarchical
- There is discontinuity between child and adult forms.
, What is the theory of natural phonology? - answer - Phonological
processes are innate, and we learn to suppress those that do not occur in
our target languages.
- Children have these representations but any errors are due to output
constraints (e.g., anatomy) that lead to a simplified version of the adult
model.
What is the theory of generative phonology? - answer - Phonological
descriptions are based on information from other linguistic levels.
- Transformational rules explain the difference between underlying and
surface representations.
What is the theory of linear/non-linear phonology? - answer - Linear
phonology: sounds are discrete, independent sets of features and on the
same level (equal).
- Non-linear phonology: sounds and supralinguistic variables (stress, tone,
prosody) are arranged in a hierarchy.
What is the phonation stage of speech production? - answer - Between the
ages of 0-1 months.
- Reflexive vocalizations (burping, coughing, crying); no speech sounds.
What is the cooing/gooing stage of speech production? - answer - Between
the ages of 2-4 months.
- /u/-like or /k,g/-like sounds. No speech sounds.
What is the expansion stage of speech production? - answer - Between the
ages of 4-6 months.
- "Play" vocalizations (e.g., squeals, raspberries).
- Speech-like sounds.
What is the canonical (reduplicated) babbling stage of speech production?
- answer - Between ages 6-8 months.
