MCB2010 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) - Answers - Came up with a new method of
preparing lenses, and he became the first to notice that some of these little things were
alive. He called the microorganisms he saw "wee animalcules".
Perfected the simple microscope, "animacules"
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) - Answers - Disproved spontaneous generation of
microorganisms
Developed pasteurization
Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage
Demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease
Robert Koch (1843-1910) - Answers - was a strong proponent of the "germ theory of
disease". He formulated what's now known as "Koch's Postulates": a set of steps to be
followed to show that a particulate microorganism causes a disease.
Joseph Lister (1827-1912) - Answers - Starting using a chemical to disinfect wounds and
surgical incisions, dramatically lowering to rate of infections and death
Antiseptic Surgery
Edward Jenner (1749-1823) - Answers - Milkmaids who had cowpox didn't catch
smallpox.
Vaccination with cowpox
Took the pus from the blisters of cowpox-infected milkmaids and scratching them on the
skin of his gardener's son. He then exposed the boy to a smallpox patient a while later,
and reported that the boy appeared immune to the deadly disease. Edward Jenner is
considered the father of immunization
Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) - Answers - Developed a cure to Syphilis with a single injection.
He named the treatment 'Magic Bullets'.
Suggested that it might be possible to kill microorganisms without killing patients. He
imagined a single chemical that could do that: the "magic bullet." He developed the use
of an arsenic-containing compound that could be used to treat patients with syphilis, but
this drug was toxic to humans as well.
Hans Christian Gram (1853-1938) - Answers - Developed a technique that makes it easy
to distinguish between 2 large groups of bacteria: the Gram-positive (Gram+) and the
Gram-negative (Gram−) bacteria. The Gram stain is one of the first steps carried out in
the lab to identify bacteria.
spontaneous generation - Answers - Hypothesis stating that life could arise from nonliving
matter.
, Protazoa - Answers - Unicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that include the familiar
amoeba and paramecium.
Unicellular eukaryotes
Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
Appendages for movement
Independently or parasitic
Fungi - Answers - Eukaryotes, Uni-(yeast)/multicellular (mushrooms) Chitin cell wall
Absorb organic material from environment
Bacteria - Answers - Prokaryotes
Peptidoglycan cell wall
Reproduce by binary fission
Nutritionally diverse
Archea - Answers - Prokaryotes
No peptidoglycan
not known to cause disease in humans
Often found in extreme environments
Viruses - Answers - Electron microscopic
non-cellular
obligate parasite
Helminths - Answers - Flat worn and round worms, multicellular
Certain life stages are microscopic
Can cause disease in people
Main points - Answers - Microbes are small, diverse, mostly beneficial
Invention of microscope and culture techniques were pivotal
Eukaryotic cells - Answers - Major Characteristics:
Cell membrane, No cell wall (or simple cell wall), cytoskeleton, nucleus with DNA, other
organelles (mitochondria, lysosomes, golgi, ER, etc.) Appendages: Flagella, Cilia
Nucleus - Answers - Surrounded by a nuclear envelope
Contains DNA (linear, double-stranded molecules, wrapped around histones
Flagella - Answers - A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are
flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.
Cilia - Answers - The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike
manner
Prokaryotes - Answers - Different from Eukaryotes:
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) - Answers - Came up with a new method of
preparing lenses, and he became the first to notice that some of these little things were
alive. He called the microorganisms he saw "wee animalcules".
Perfected the simple microscope, "animacules"
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) - Answers - Disproved spontaneous generation of
microorganisms
Developed pasteurization
Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage
Demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease
Robert Koch (1843-1910) - Answers - was a strong proponent of the "germ theory of
disease". He formulated what's now known as "Koch's Postulates": a set of steps to be
followed to show that a particulate microorganism causes a disease.
Joseph Lister (1827-1912) - Answers - Starting using a chemical to disinfect wounds and
surgical incisions, dramatically lowering to rate of infections and death
Antiseptic Surgery
Edward Jenner (1749-1823) - Answers - Milkmaids who had cowpox didn't catch
smallpox.
Vaccination with cowpox
Took the pus from the blisters of cowpox-infected milkmaids and scratching them on the
skin of his gardener's son. He then exposed the boy to a smallpox patient a while later,
and reported that the boy appeared immune to the deadly disease. Edward Jenner is
considered the father of immunization
Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) - Answers - Developed a cure to Syphilis with a single injection.
He named the treatment 'Magic Bullets'.
Suggested that it might be possible to kill microorganisms without killing patients. He
imagined a single chemical that could do that: the "magic bullet." He developed the use
of an arsenic-containing compound that could be used to treat patients with syphilis, but
this drug was toxic to humans as well.
Hans Christian Gram (1853-1938) - Answers - Developed a technique that makes it easy
to distinguish between 2 large groups of bacteria: the Gram-positive (Gram+) and the
Gram-negative (Gram−) bacteria. The Gram stain is one of the first steps carried out in
the lab to identify bacteria.
spontaneous generation - Answers - Hypothesis stating that life could arise from nonliving
matter.
, Protazoa - Answers - Unicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that include the familiar
amoeba and paramecium.
Unicellular eukaryotes
Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
Appendages for movement
Independently or parasitic
Fungi - Answers - Eukaryotes, Uni-(yeast)/multicellular (mushrooms) Chitin cell wall
Absorb organic material from environment
Bacteria - Answers - Prokaryotes
Peptidoglycan cell wall
Reproduce by binary fission
Nutritionally diverse
Archea - Answers - Prokaryotes
No peptidoglycan
not known to cause disease in humans
Often found in extreme environments
Viruses - Answers - Electron microscopic
non-cellular
obligate parasite
Helminths - Answers - Flat worn and round worms, multicellular
Certain life stages are microscopic
Can cause disease in people
Main points - Answers - Microbes are small, diverse, mostly beneficial
Invention of microscope and culture techniques were pivotal
Eukaryotic cells - Answers - Major Characteristics:
Cell membrane, No cell wall (or simple cell wall), cytoskeleton, nucleus with DNA, other
organelles (mitochondria, lysosomes, golgi, ER, etc.) Appendages: Flagella, Cilia
Nucleus - Answers - Surrounded by a nuclear envelope
Contains DNA (linear, double-stranded molecules, wrapped around histones
Flagella - Answers - A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are
flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.
Cilia - Answers - The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike
manner
Prokaryotes - Answers - Different from Eukaryotes:
