PATHOPHYSIOLOGY– PORTH EXAM
REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Compensatory Mechanisms of Tissues - Answer--Cells may adapt by undergoing
changes in: Size, Number, Type
-Cellular stresses also include intracellular accumulations and storage of products in
abnormal amounts
Atrophy - Answer--Change in size (decrease)
-Decreased work demands or adverse environmental conditions
-Lower more efficient level of functioning compatible with survival
Hypertrophy - Answer--Change in size (increase)
Increase in amount of functioning components in the tissue mass
-Can be result of normal physiologic or abnormal pathologic conditions
Hyperplasia - Answer--Change in number of cells (increase)
-Stimuli to increase number may be physiologic (compensatory) or nonphysiologic
(excessive hormone)
-Physiologic- breast & uterine enlargement with pregnancy
-Hormonal- BPH (androgen); endometrial (estrogen)
-Different process than hypertrophy - but often occur together
Metaplasia - Answer--Represents reversible change - one adult cell type is replaced by
another cell type
-In response to chronic irritation and inflammation
-Allows for substitution of cells that are better able to survive
Conditions in which metaplasia can take place - Answer--Excessive drinking of alcohol
-Smoking
Dysplasia - Answer--Deranged cell growth of specific tissue
-Results in cells that vary in size, shape and organization
-Minor degrees associated with irritation or inflammation
-Adaptive and potentially reversible if cause eliminated
-Strongly implicated as a precursor of cancer
Intracellular Accumulations - Answer--Represent the build-up of substances that cells
cannot immediately use or eliminate
-Grouped into 3 categories
1) Normal body substances (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, melanin and bilirubin)- fatty
liver
, 2) Abnormal endogenous products (inborn errors of metabolism)
3) Exogenous products such as environmental agents and pigments that cannot be
broken down- jaundice
Gram-negative bacteria harms cells, how? - Answer-They release endotoxins from
lipopolysaccharides that cause cell injury and increased capillary permeability.
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation - Answer-1. Rubor or redness
2. Tumor or swelling
3. Calor or heat
4. Dolor or pain
5. Functio laesa or loss of function
Systemic manifestations ,such as fever, that may occur as chemical mediators,
cytokines, produced at the site of inflammation lead to increased levels in the plasma.
Cells associated with Acute Inflammation - Answer-Neutrophils - first to appear at site
Cells associated with Chronic Inflammation - Answer-Macrophages, lymphocytes,
eosinophils, mast cells
Cells associated with Allergic Disorders - Answer-Basophils are most prominent,
mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE). Binding with IgE triggers release of histamine an
vasoactive agents from the their basophil granules.
Mast cells also release histamine.
Cells associated with Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions (Type I) - Answer-1. Type 2
Helper T cells
2. Granule containing cells, such as mast cells and/or basophils
Phases of Acute Inflammation - Answer-Vascular Phase - leads to changes in blood
flow and changes in the small blood vessels of the microcirculation.
Cellular Phase - leads to the migration of leukocytes from the circulation and their
activation to eliminate the injurious agent.
Inflammation: Acute - Answer--Edema and Neutrophils
-Triggered by noxious stimuli (injury; infection)
-Rapid in onset
-Relatively short duration (minutes to days)
-Exudate of fluid and plasma proteins & emigration of leukocytes
Inflammation: Chronic - Answer--Lymphocytes & macrophages, proliferation of blood
vessels, fibrosis
-Longer duration - days to years
-Associated with proliferation of blood vessels (angiogenesis)
-Tissue necrosis
REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Compensatory Mechanisms of Tissues - Answer--Cells may adapt by undergoing
changes in: Size, Number, Type
-Cellular stresses also include intracellular accumulations and storage of products in
abnormal amounts
Atrophy - Answer--Change in size (decrease)
-Decreased work demands or adverse environmental conditions
-Lower more efficient level of functioning compatible with survival
Hypertrophy - Answer--Change in size (increase)
Increase in amount of functioning components in the tissue mass
-Can be result of normal physiologic or abnormal pathologic conditions
Hyperplasia - Answer--Change in number of cells (increase)
-Stimuli to increase number may be physiologic (compensatory) or nonphysiologic
(excessive hormone)
-Physiologic- breast & uterine enlargement with pregnancy
-Hormonal- BPH (androgen); endometrial (estrogen)
-Different process than hypertrophy - but often occur together
Metaplasia - Answer--Represents reversible change - one adult cell type is replaced by
another cell type
-In response to chronic irritation and inflammation
-Allows for substitution of cells that are better able to survive
Conditions in which metaplasia can take place - Answer--Excessive drinking of alcohol
-Smoking
Dysplasia - Answer--Deranged cell growth of specific tissue
-Results in cells that vary in size, shape and organization
-Minor degrees associated with irritation or inflammation
-Adaptive and potentially reversible if cause eliminated
-Strongly implicated as a precursor of cancer
Intracellular Accumulations - Answer--Represent the build-up of substances that cells
cannot immediately use or eliminate
-Grouped into 3 categories
1) Normal body substances (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, melanin and bilirubin)- fatty
liver
, 2) Abnormal endogenous products (inborn errors of metabolism)
3) Exogenous products such as environmental agents and pigments that cannot be
broken down- jaundice
Gram-negative bacteria harms cells, how? - Answer-They release endotoxins from
lipopolysaccharides that cause cell injury and increased capillary permeability.
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation - Answer-1. Rubor or redness
2. Tumor or swelling
3. Calor or heat
4. Dolor or pain
5. Functio laesa or loss of function
Systemic manifestations ,such as fever, that may occur as chemical mediators,
cytokines, produced at the site of inflammation lead to increased levels in the plasma.
Cells associated with Acute Inflammation - Answer-Neutrophils - first to appear at site
Cells associated with Chronic Inflammation - Answer-Macrophages, lymphocytes,
eosinophils, mast cells
Cells associated with Allergic Disorders - Answer-Basophils are most prominent,
mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE). Binding with IgE triggers release of histamine an
vasoactive agents from the their basophil granules.
Mast cells also release histamine.
Cells associated with Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions (Type I) - Answer-1. Type 2
Helper T cells
2. Granule containing cells, such as mast cells and/or basophils
Phases of Acute Inflammation - Answer-Vascular Phase - leads to changes in blood
flow and changes in the small blood vessels of the microcirculation.
Cellular Phase - leads to the migration of leukocytes from the circulation and their
activation to eliminate the injurious agent.
Inflammation: Acute - Answer--Edema and Neutrophils
-Triggered by noxious stimuli (injury; infection)
-Rapid in onset
-Relatively short duration (minutes to days)
-Exudate of fluid and plasma proteins & emigration of leukocytes
Inflammation: Chronic - Answer--Lymphocytes & macrophages, proliferation of blood
vessels, fibrosis
-Longer duration - days to years
-Associated with proliferation of blood vessels (angiogenesis)
-Tissue necrosis
