UNMC Patho Exam 1 (2025): Questions With Efficient
Solutions
Nutrition Right Ans - The process of taking in and using food for growth,
repair, and maintenance of the body
includes ingestion, digestion, absorption, and metabolism
Inflammation Right Ans - adaptive response of the body to injury or illness
How many functions is the liver responsible for? Right Ans - about 500
Lobule Right Ans - The functional unit of the liver
Hepatocytes Right Ans - liver cells that produce and secrete bile
Bile Right Ans - stimulates peristalsis and breaks down fats in the intestine
How many hepatocytes are in the liver? Right Ans - lots - like nephrons in
the kidneys
Canaliculus Right Ans - channel between hepatocytes that drain bile into
the common bile duct -> into the duodenum and gallbladder
Pleural form of canaliculus Right Ans - canaliculi
Hepatic Artery Right Ans - carries oxygenated blood into the liver
to oxygenate and bring nutrients to the liver
Portal Vein Right Ans - UNIQUE - vein that brings nutrients
carries UNoxygenated blood to the liver that is
HIGH in nutrients from the GI tract ->
provides energy for liver functions
Hepatic Vein Right Ans - Carries blood from sinusoids to the inferior vena
cava
Sinusoids Right Ans - capillaries between hepatocytes ->
carry blood to hepatic vein
,Kupffer cells Right Ans - line sinusoids
act as macrophages to destroy old WBCs, RBCs, and bacteria
How is bilirubin formed? Right Ans - Old erythrocytes (RBCs) break down
in the bloodstream -->
produces bilirubin in the blood
This bilirubin is UNconjugated, FAT=soluble
What happens to UNconjugated bilirubin in the liver? Right Ans - Blood
brings the UNconjugated bilirubin to the liver -->
UNconjugated bilirubin circulates through the liver and is conjugated by
hepatocytes
In hepatocytes, Unconjugated bilirubin is conjugated
Why does bilirubin need to be conjugated? Right Ans - UNconjugated
bilirubin is fat-soluble, so would be reabsorbed in the duodenum, NOT
excreted
Conjugated bilirubin is water-soluble, so it will be excreted in the feces
What lab test detects UNconjugated Bilirubin? Right Ans - Indirect bilirubin
test
What lab test detects Conjugated Bilirubin? Right Ans - Direct bilirubin test
Where does Conjugated bilirubin go from the hepatocytes? Right Ans - The
conjugated biliruben goes from the hepatocytes into BILE
The bile is sent via the hepatic duct to the duodenum
(intestine -> where bile is used to stimulate peristalsis & break down fats)
What happens to the conjugated bilirubin once it is in the intestine? Right
Ans - The conjugated bilirubin is converted into urobilinogen
The urobilinogen is excreted via feces - giving it the brown color
Urobilinogen Right Ans - gives:
Stool brown color,
Urine yellow color
Bruises green/yellow colors
,Bile contains Right Ans - water
elytes
bile acids
cholesterol
bilirubin
What does bile drain into? Right Ans - duodenum of the small intestine
What happens to most bile acids that are secreted into the duodenum?
Right Ans - reabsorbed back into the blood
Recycled to be used again
Jaundice Right Ans - symptoms of liver disease caused by
hyperbilirubinemia
** Symptom of ANY liver disease
hyperbilirubinemia Right Ans - excess bilirubin in the blood
Jaundice
Etiology/Causes Right Ans - hyperbilirubinemia -->
deposition of bile pigment in the skin & sclera
Jaundice
Manifestations Right Ans - skin & sclera appear yellow
Types of Jaundice Right Ans - * Hemolytic jaundice
* Intrahepatic obstructive jaundice
* Extrahepatic obstructive jaundice
Hemolytic Jaundice Right Ans - NOT actually a liver problem
Excessive lysis of RBCs -->
Liver cannot keep up conjugating -->
INcreased UNconjugated bilirubin buildup in the blood
Intrahepatic obstructive jaundice Right Ans - Hepatocellular damage
(***liver damage***) -->
liver cannot conjugate or excrete bilirubin -->
increased UNconjugated bilirubin buildup in the blood
, Extrahepatic obstructive jaundice Right Ans - Bile duct obstruction (usually
gallstone) -->
bile cannot get through bile duct -->
increased Conjugated bilirubin accumulation in liver & blood
Extrahepatic obstruction jaundice can lead to Right Ans - Intrahepatic
obstructive jaundice
* Conjugated bilirubin cannot get out of liver --> hepatocytes stop conjugating
bilirubin --> Intrahepatic obstructive jaundice
Hepatitis Right Ans - Inflammation of liver
Hepat = liver
itis = inflammation
Hepatitis leads to Right Ans - degeneration, scarring, & necrosis of
hepatocytes
Hepatitis A aka HAV (Hepatitis A Virus) Right Ans - INFECTIOUS Hepititis
Hepatitis A / HAV
Onset Right Ans - Sudden
Acute
Hepatitis A / HAV
Source of infection Right Ans - Contaminated food & water
often caused by poor sanitation
Hepatitis A / HAV
Mode of Transmission Right Ans - Fecal-oral route (usually)
can be thru blood
Hepatitis A / HAV
Chronic State Right Ans - Self-limiting
NOT chronic
Hepatitis A / HAV
Manifestations Right Ans - Malaise
Anorexia
Jaundice
Solutions
Nutrition Right Ans - The process of taking in and using food for growth,
repair, and maintenance of the body
includes ingestion, digestion, absorption, and metabolism
Inflammation Right Ans - adaptive response of the body to injury or illness
How many functions is the liver responsible for? Right Ans - about 500
Lobule Right Ans - The functional unit of the liver
Hepatocytes Right Ans - liver cells that produce and secrete bile
Bile Right Ans - stimulates peristalsis and breaks down fats in the intestine
How many hepatocytes are in the liver? Right Ans - lots - like nephrons in
the kidneys
Canaliculus Right Ans - channel between hepatocytes that drain bile into
the common bile duct -> into the duodenum and gallbladder
Pleural form of canaliculus Right Ans - canaliculi
Hepatic Artery Right Ans - carries oxygenated blood into the liver
to oxygenate and bring nutrients to the liver
Portal Vein Right Ans - UNIQUE - vein that brings nutrients
carries UNoxygenated blood to the liver that is
HIGH in nutrients from the GI tract ->
provides energy for liver functions
Hepatic Vein Right Ans - Carries blood from sinusoids to the inferior vena
cava
Sinusoids Right Ans - capillaries between hepatocytes ->
carry blood to hepatic vein
,Kupffer cells Right Ans - line sinusoids
act as macrophages to destroy old WBCs, RBCs, and bacteria
How is bilirubin formed? Right Ans - Old erythrocytes (RBCs) break down
in the bloodstream -->
produces bilirubin in the blood
This bilirubin is UNconjugated, FAT=soluble
What happens to UNconjugated bilirubin in the liver? Right Ans - Blood
brings the UNconjugated bilirubin to the liver -->
UNconjugated bilirubin circulates through the liver and is conjugated by
hepatocytes
In hepatocytes, Unconjugated bilirubin is conjugated
Why does bilirubin need to be conjugated? Right Ans - UNconjugated
bilirubin is fat-soluble, so would be reabsorbed in the duodenum, NOT
excreted
Conjugated bilirubin is water-soluble, so it will be excreted in the feces
What lab test detects UNconjugated Bilirubin? Right Ans - Indirect bilirubin
test
What lab test detects Conjugated Bilirubin? Right Ans - Direct bilirubin test
Where does Conjugated bilirubin go from the hepatocytes? Right Ans - The
conjugated biliruben goes from the hepatocytes into BILE
The bile is sent via the hepatic duct to the duodenum
(intestine -> where bile is used to stimulate peristalsis & break down fats)
What happens to the conjugated bilirubin once it is in the intestine? Right
Ans - The conjugated bilirubin is converted into urobilinogen
The urobilinogen is excreted via feces - giving it the brown color
Urobilinogen Right Ans - gives:
Stool brown color,
Urine yellow color
Bruises green/yellow colors
,Bile contains Right Ans - water
elytes
bile acids
cholesterol
bilirubin
What does bile drain into? Right Ans - duodenum of the small intestine
What happens to most bile acids that are secreted into the duodenum?
Right Ans - reabsorbed back into the blood
Recycled to be used again
Jaundice Right Ans - symptoms of liver disease caused by
hyperbilirubinemia
** Symptom of ANY liver disease
hyperbilirubinemia Right Ans - excess bilirubin in the blood
Jaundice
Etiology/Causes Right Ans - hyperbilirubinemia -->
deposition of bile pigment in the skin & sclera
Jaundice
Manifestations Right Ans - skin & sclera appear yellow
Types of Jaundice Right Ans - * Hemolytic jaundice
* Intrahepatic obstructive jaundice
* Extrahepatic obstructive jaundice
Hemolytic Jaundice Right Ans - NOT actually a liver problem
Excessive lysis of RBCs -->
Liver cannot keep up conjugating -->
INcreased UNconjugated bilirubin buildup in the blood
Intrahepatic obstructive jaundice Right Ans - Hepatocellular damage
(***liver damage***) -->
liver cannot conjugate or excrete bilirubin -->
increased UNconjugated bilirubin buildup in the blood
, Extrahepatic obstructive jaundice Right Ans - Bile duct obstruction (usually
gallstone) -->
bile cannot get through bile duct -->
increased Conjugated bilirubin accumulation in liver & blood
Extrahepatic obstruction jaundice can lead to Right Ans - Intrahepatic
obstructive jaundice
* Conjugated bilirubin cannot get out of liver --> hepatocytes stop conjugating
bilirubin --> Intrahepatic obstructive jaundice
Hepatitis Right Ans - Inflammation of liver
Hepat = liver
itis = inflammation
Hepatitis leads to Right Ans - degeneration, scarring, & necrosis of
hepatocytes
Hepatitis A aka HAV (Hepatitis A Virus) Right Ans - INFECTIOUS Hepititis
Hepatitis A / HAV
Onset Right Ans - Sudden
Acute
Hepatitis A / HAV
Source of infection Right Ans - Contaminated food & water
often caused by poor sanitation
Hepatitis A / HAV
Mode of Transmission Right Ans - Fecal-oral route (usually)
can be thru blood
Hepatitis A / HAV
Chronic State Right Ans - Self-limiting
NOT chronic
Hepatitis A / HAV
Manifestations Right Ans - Malaise
Anorexia
Jaundice
