Serology Exam 1 || with Complete Solutions.
the study of antibodies and antigens in serum using in vitro immunologic tests correct answers
Serology
combination of antibody and antigen correct answers Sensitization
a test which should be positive but tests negative correct answers False negative
a test which should be negative but tests positive correct answers false positive
the ability of a test to give a positive result if the substance being tested for is present; false
negatives decrease this
true positives/true positives + false negatives X 100 correct answers Diagnostic sensitivity
the ability of a test to give a negative result if the substance being tested for is not present; false
positives decrease specificity
true negatives/true negatives + false positives X 100 correct answers Diagnostic specificity
the smallest amount of the intended analyte that can be detected by a test correct answers
Analytic sensitivity
the ability of a test to detect the intended analyte without detecting cross reacting substances
correct answers Analytic specificity
likelihood that a negative test result excludes disease
TN/TN + FN X 100 correct answers Negative predictive value
likelihood that a positive test result confirms disease
TP/TP + FP X 100 correct answers Positive predictive value
strength of the noncovalent bond between the paratope of the antibody and the epitope of the
antigen
Note: antibodies that have high affinity and are potent may give unwanted cross-reactions correct
answers Affinity
strength of bond formed between a complete divalent antibody and its corresponding antigen
Note: IgM is higher than IgG correct answers Avidity
,Serum samples are collected about ___ weeks apart in a patient with a suspected infection
correct answers 2
___ -fold increase in antibody titer in specimen collected ___ days or later is diagnostic for
current infection correct answers 4; 10
A type of immunologic reaction that involves a simple combination of antigen with specific
antibody; most sensitive type
Ex: immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, immunoenzymatic tests correct answers Primary
immunologic reaction
A type of immunologic reaction that involves an antigen-antibody combination based on
secondary manifestation
Ex: precipitation, flocculation, agglutination, complement fixation, immunoelectrophoresis
correct answers Secondary immunologic reaction
A type of immunologic reaction that involves biologic reactions of complement activation
(opsonization, phagocytosis, chemotaxis), immune adherence reactions, cellular degredation
correct answers Tertiary immunologic reaction
Interaction of soluble antigen and antibody in proper proportions resulting in visible precipitate
correct answers Precipitation
an antibody in serum that causes precipitation correct answers precipitin
when optimum proportions of antigen and antibody are present correct answers equivalence zone
antibody excess; antibody reacts more strongly when diluted than undilute
can result in a false negative correct answers prozone
antigen excess; unable to form lattice
can result in a false negative correct answers postzone
What is a fairly good quantitative estimate of antigen or antibody in an unknown? correct
answers Precipitation
What are some factors affecting the degree of precipitation? correct answers - quantities of
antigen and antibody
- temperature
- pH 6.0-7.5
- salt concentration (high causes dissociation of antigen-antibody complex)
- reaction time
, a precipitation test where a patient's serum is overlaid with a soluble antigen (in gel) in test tube
or capillary tube; during overnight incubation, antibody diffuses upward forming a line of
precipitate; simplest form correct answers Ring test
a precipitation test in which soluble antigen interacts with antibody forming a precipitate of fine
particles are forced to remain in a confined space correct answers Flocculation
a precipitation test where antiserum is incorporated in the gel and the antigen is added to the
well; at optimal proportions of Ag and Ab, a circle of precipitation forms around the well
- the diameter of the circle is proportional to the concentration of antigen
- quantitative test used to measure Ig, complement, and other serum proteins correct answers
Radial single diffusion (radial immunodiffusion- RID)
A precipitation test where both antigen and antibody diffuse; at optimum well size and shape,
distance between wells, temperature, and incubation time, visible precipitate forms at point of
equivalence
- used to identify antibodies associated with autoimmune disorders (RA, SLE, systemic sclerosis,
Sjogren's) correct answers Double diffusion precipitation in gel (Ouchterlony)
a type of electroimmunodiffusion precipitation test that combines single diffusion precipitation
and electrophoresis
- antibody is incorporated into gel, antigen is added to wells, voltage is applied across gel to
increase the rate of diffusion
- precipitin pattern resembles shooting rocket
- antigen concentration is proportional to height of rocket correct answers Rocket electrophoresis
A type of electroimmunodiffusion precipitation test that combines double diffusion precipitation
and electrophoresis
- antibody and antigen are placed in wells in gel located opposite from one another
- pH is chosen so antibody travels to cathode and antigen migrates to anode
- antigen and antibody are driven toward each other
- precipitin line forms where reactants meet in optimal proportions correct answers
Countercurrent electrophoresis
In counter electrophoresis, if the precipitin line forms closer to the well with the antigen in it,
what does this mean? correct answers There is a higher concentration of antibodies
a precipitation test that is used to differentiate antigens in a mixture; used to identify monoclonal
proteins, including free light chains and Ig classes and urine proteins
- semiquantitative (size of arc is indication of amount of Ig present)
- shape and position of arcs may indicate monoclonality of a protein
- combines double diffusion and electrophoresis correct answers Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP)
What would happen in the complement fixation test when there are excessive amounts of
complement? correct answers It may cause hemolysis even though antigen-antibody reaction has
taken place in stage 1
the study of antibodies and antigens in serum using in vitro immunologic tests correct answers
Serology
combination of antibody and antigen correct answers Sensitization
a test which should be positive but tests negative correct answers False negative
a test which should be negative but tests positive correct answers false positive
the ability of a test to give a positive result if the substance being tested for is present; false
negatives decrease this
true positives/true positives + false negatives X 100 correct answers Diagnostic sensitivity
the ability of a test to give a negative result if the substance being tested for is not present; false
positives decrease specificity
true negatives/true negatives + false positives X 100 correct answers Diagnostic specificity
the smallest amount of the intended analyte that can be detected by a test correct answers
Analytic sensitivity
the ability of a test to detect the intended analyte without detecting cross reacting substances
correct answers Analytic specificity
likelihood that a negative test result excludes disease
TN/TN + FN X 100 correct answers Negative predictive value
likelihood that a positive test result confirms disease
TP/TP + FP X 100 correct answers Positive predictive value
strength of the noncovalent bond between the paratope of the antibody and the epitope of the
antigen
Note: antibodies that have high affinity and are potent may give unwanted cross-reactions correct
answers Affinity
strength of bond formed between a complete divalent antibody and its corresponding antigen
Note: IgM is higher than IgG correct answers Avidity
,Serum samples are collected about ___ weeks apart in a patient with a suspected infection
correct answers 2
___ -fold increase in antibody titer in specimen collected ___ days or later is diagnostic for
current infection correct answers 4; 10
A type of immunologic reaction that involves a simple combination of antigen with specific
antibody; most sensitive type
Ex: immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, immunoenzymatic tests correct answers Primary
immunologic reaction
A type of immunologic reaction that involves an antigen-antibody combination based on
secondary manifestation
Ex: precipitation, flocculation, agglutination, complement fixation, immunoelectrophoresis
correct answers Secondary immunologic reaction
A type of immunologic reaction that involves biologic reactions of complement activation
(opsonization, phagocytosis, chemotaxis), immune adherence reactions, cellular degredation
correct answers Tertiary immunologic reaction
Interaction of soluble antigen and antibody in proper proportions resulting in visible precipitate
correct answers Precipitation
an antibody in serum that causes precipitation correct answers precipitin
when optimum proportions of antigen and antibody are present correct answers equivalence zone
antibody excess; antibody reacts more strongly when diluted than undilute
can result in a false negative correct answers prozone
antigen excess; unable to form lattice
can result in a false negative correct answers postzone
What is a fairly good quantitative estimate of antigen or antibody in an unknown? correct
answers Precipitation
What are some factors affecting the degree of precipitation? correct answers - quantities of
antigen and antibody
- temperature
- pH 6.0-7.5
- salt concentration (high causes dissociation of antigen-antibody complex)
- reaction time
, a precipitation test where a patient's serum is overlaid with a soluble antigen (in gel) in test tube
or capillary tube; during overnight incubation, antibody diffuses upward forming a line of
precipitate; simplest form correct answers Ring test
a precipitation test in which soluble antigen interacts with antibody forming a precipitate of fine
particles are forced to remain in a confined space correct answers Flocculation
a precipitation test where antiserum is incorporated in the gel and the antigen is added to the
well; at optimal proportions of Ag and Ab, a circle of precipitation forms around the well
- the diameter of the circle is proportional to the concentration of antigen
- quantitative test used to measure Ig, complement, and other serum proteins correct answers
Radial single diffusion (radial immunodiffusion- RID)
A precipitation test where both antigen and antibody diffuse; at optimum well size and shape,
distance between wells, temperature, and incubation time, visible precipitate forms at point of
equivalence
- used to identify antibodies associated with autoimmune disorders (RA, SLE, systemic sclerosis,
Sjogren's) correct answers Double diffusion precipitation in gel (Ouchterlony)
a type of electroimmunodiffusion precipitation test that combines single diffusion precipitation
and electrophoresis
- antibody is incorporated into gel, antigen is added to wells, voltage is applied across gel to
increase the rate of diffusion
- precipitin pattern resembles shooting rocket
- antigen concentration is proportional to height of rocket correct answers Rocket electrophoresis
A type of electroimmunodiffusion precipitation test that combines double diffusion precipitation
and electrophoresis
- antibody and antigen are placed in wells in gel located opposite from one another
- pH is chosen so antibody travels to cathode and antigen migrates to anode
- antigen and antibody are driven toward each other
- precipitin line forms where reactants meet in optimal proportions correct answers
Countercurrent electrophoresis
In counter electrophoresis, if the precipitin line forms closer to the well with the antigen in it,
what does this mean? correct answers There is a higher concentration of antibodies
a precipitation test that is used to differentiate antigens in a mixture; used to identify monoclonal
proteins, including free light chains and Ig classes and urine proteins
- semiquantitative (size of arc is indication of amount of Ig present)
- shape and position of arcs may indicate monoclonality of a protein
- combines double diffusion and electrophoresis correct answers Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP)
What would happen in the complement fixation test when there are excessive amounts of
complement? correct answers It may cause hemolysis even though antigen-antibody reaction has
taken place in stage 1
