Educational Leadership Fundamentals Test (ELF Test)
Questions And Answers
Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs ANS 1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food,
drink, shelter, warmth, sleep.
2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear.
3. Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, trust and acceptance, receiving and giving
affection and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work).
4. Esteem needs - achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect,
respect from others.
5. Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth
and peak experiences.
Erikson's Stages of Social-Emotional Development ANS a. Learning Basic Trust Versus Basic
Mistrust (Hope) • infancy through year two of life; child learns trust through the care, love and
nurture he receives
b. Learning Autonomy Versus Shame (Will) • 18 months until about 4 years old; child expresses
autonomy
c. Learning Initiative Versus Guilt (Purpose) • 3 ½ to 5 years old; "play age;" child engages in
creativity and imagination
d. Industry Versus Inferiority (Competence) • school aged (5 to 12 years old); interaction with peers;
understands rules and procedures; learns self-discipline
e. Learning Identity Versus Identity Diffusion (Fidelity) • adolescence (13 - 20 years old); self
identity
f. Learning Intimacy Versus Isolation (Love) • long lasting friendships; marriage
g. Learning Generativity Versus Self-Absorption (Care) • Work, parenthood, marriage
h. Integrity Versus Despair (Wisdom) • Able to look at one's life and be proud of what one has
accomplished
Kolb's learning process ANS a. Experience: having a concrete experience
b. Observation: observation of and reflection on that experience
c. Conceptualization: the formation of abstract concepts (analysis) and generalizations (conclusions)
d. Test: test hypothesis in future situations, resulting in new experiences
, Jean Piaget's developmental stages for children ANS a. Sensorimotor - The idea that an object is
still present, even if hidden.
b. Preoperational - Children are able to think about things symbolically and given a meaning to an
object.
c. Concrete Operational - Concrete Thinking is thinking about actual experiences and tangible things.
d. Formal Operational - Abstract Thinking is thinking about ideas and concepts apart from their
concrete existence.
Vygotsky's learning theories ANS Based on the social experiences a person has; learning from
others, a more knowledgeable adult; and interaction with peers.
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) ANS This theorist found that when you have a pleasant experience,
such as receiving a compliment you internalize the experience as positive. This is known as operant
conditioning, or the theory of behaviorism. They used rewards and punishments to control students,
because they believed that by controlling the environment, they would produce well‐educated
students.
Sensorimotor Stage ANS In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during
which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Preoperational Stage ANS In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age)
during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of
concrete logic
Concrete Operational Stage ANS In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from
about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to
think logically about concrete events
Formal Operational Stage ANS In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally
beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development ANS Stage 1: Obedience and punishment.
Questions And Answers
Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs ANS 1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food,
drink, shelter, warmth, sleep.
2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear.
3. Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, trust and acceptance, receiving and giving
affection and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work).
4. Esteem needs - achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect,
respect from others.
5. Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth
and peak experiences.
Erikson's Stages of Social-Emotional Development ANS a. Learning Basic Trust Versus Basic
Mistrust (Hope) • infancy through year two of life; child learns trust through the care, love and
nurture he receives
b. Learning Autonomy Versus Shame (Will) • 18 months until about 4 years old; child expresses
autonomy
c. Learning Initiative Versus Guilt (Purpose) • 3 ½ to 5 years old; "play age;" child engages in
creativity and imagination
d. Industry Versus Inferiority (Competence) • school aged (5 to 12 years old); interaction with peers;
understands rules and procedures; learns self-discipline
e. Learning Identity Versus Identity Diffusion (Fidelity) • adolescence (13 - 20 years old); self
identity
f. Learning Intimacy Versus Isolation (Love) • long lasting friendships; marriage
g. Learning Generativity Versus Self-Absorption (Care) • Work, parenthood, marriage
h. Integrity Versus Despair (Wisdom) • Able to look at one's life and be proud of what one has
accomplished
Kolb's learning process ANS a. Experience: having a concrete experience
b. Observation: observation of and reflection on that experience
c. Conceptualization: the formation of abstract concepts (analysis) and generalizations (conclusions)
d. Test: test hypothesis in future situations, resulting in new experiences
, Jean Piaget's developmental stages for children ANS a. Sensorimotor - The idea that an object is
still present, even if hidden.
b. Preoperational - Children are able to think about things symbolically and given a meaning to an
object.
c. Concrete Operational - Concrete Thinking is thinking about actual experiences and tangible things.
d. Formal Operational - Abstract Thinking is thinking about ideas and concepts apart from their
concrete existence.
Vygotsky's learning theories ANS Based on the social experiences a person has; learning from
others, a more knowledgeable adult; and interaction with peers.
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) ANS This theorist found that when you have a pleasant experience,
such as receiving a compliment you internalize the experience as positive. This is known as operant
conditioning, or the theory of behaviorism. They used rewards and punishments to control students,
because they believed that by controlling the environment, they would produce well‐educated
students.
Sensorimotor Stage ANS In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during
which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Preoperational Stage ANS In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age)
during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of
concrete logic
Concrete Operational Stage ANS In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from
about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to
think logically about concrete events
Formal Operational Stage ANS In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally
beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development ANS Stage 1: Obedience and punishment.
