POLITICS POWER AND GOVERNANCE I
Benno Netelenbos
Part 1 : The organisation of the power in the State 5
Lecture 1 - What is politics ? 5
1- What is politics ? 5
1. Conflict
2. Uncertainty
3. Necessity
4. Collective and binding decisions
2- What is political science ? 6
1. Political science
2. Different perspectives
3. Reality is ambiguous
Lecture 2 - What is State Domination ? 6
1- Causal vs. Social Power 6
1. Causal Power
2. Social Power
3. What structures social action ?
4. The metaphor of the river
2- Exercising vs. Holding Power 7
1. Elementary forms of power
Interlude : From elementary to complex
Interlude 2 : On complex forms
2. Exercising Power - power to
3. Holding Power - power over
4. Domination
3- Four ideal-types of domination 9
1. Lions
2. Foxes
3. Bears
4. Owls
4- The state and ideal-types 11
1. State domination
2. Ideal-types
Lecture 3 - The Belief in Legitimacy 11
1- The problem of legitimacy 11
1. Legitimate domination
2. All leaders claim legitimacy
3. Benefits of justified power
4. The efficiency of legitimacy
5. The puzzle
6. Three approaches to legitimacy
2- The answer of philosophy 12
1. Why do people consent ?
2. Social contract
3. Some issues…
4. Utilitarianism
3- The answer of psychology 13
1. Milgram experiment
2. Horror of the Holocaust
3. De-compartmentalisation
4- The answer of sociology 14
1. Consensus and Coercion
2. Max Weber
3. Existential Meaning
4. Tradition
Tradition in politics
5. Charisma
Charisma in politics
6. Vocational Calling
Vocation in politics
7. Weber’s Sociology of Belief
Lecture 4 - The birth of the nation state 17
1- The birth fo the nation-state 17
1. Charles Tilly
Tilly’s theory of states
2. The rise of the sovereign
Louis XIV (1638-1715)
Feudalism
Medieval sovereign power
3. State making : the rise of the Lion
4. Fighting big wars
Army organisation
Administrative organisation
1 of 61
, 5. Legal system
Towards a legal-rational ordering
6. The rise of the modern sovereign
7. The fall of the sovereign
8. Conditions of the French Revolution (1789-1799)
9. Rise of the popular sovereign
10. Rise of the Rule of Law
11. Rise of Nationalism
12. A history continued
2- Defining the state 21
1. The 20th century modern state
2. There are no rival formations
3. Defining the state
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Max Weber (1864-1920)
4. Defining elements
Territory
Sovereignty
Violence
Legitimacy
Citizenship (Membership)
5. Image or reality ?
Lecture 5 - Constitutional Law and the Two Tyrannies 23
1- The new rational order 23
1. Modern Sovereign Power
2. A rational Order
3. Formal vs. Substantive Rationality
4. Legitimacy = Legality
2- The Rule of Law 24
1. French Revolution (1789-1799)
2. Taming the Sovereign
3. The Rule of Law and its virtue
Guiding Principle
Principles of the Rule of Law
The value of the Rule of Law
4. Conclusion : A new moral order ?
3- Representative Democracy 26
1. Rise of the popular sovereign
2. The American Revolution (1765-1783)
US Declaration of Independence (1776)
3. The tyranny of the majority
4. The legacy of Montesquieu (1689-1755)
5. Solution of ‘Modern Political Science’
Fragmentation of society
Fragmentation of politics
Representative Democracy
4- Liberal Democracy in crisis ? 28
1. ’Liberalism’ and ‘Democracy’
2. Rise of anti-politics ?
Lecture 6 - Seeing like a State 28
1- The spirit of modernity 28
1. An old dream
2. Scientific Revolution
3. Cartesian Epistemology
4. Positivism
5. Modernism
6. Manifesto De 8 en Opbouw (1927)
7. Lessons from Nagele
2- Seeing like a state 30
1. Legibility
Administration
Knowledge = Power
Conclusion on Legibility
2. Simplification
The illegible forest
Scientific mapping
How the state sees
Conclusion of Simplification
3. Manipulation
Unintended Consequence
Intended Consequence
3- Limitations of rational planning 33
1. What we don’t see
2. Disasters of modernity
3. Progress & Emancipation
4. Authoritarian High Modernism
Lecture 7 - Acting like a state 34
1- Introducing bureaucracies 34
1. From Law to Policy
2. Bureaucracy is Politics
3. Bureaucracy versus Democracy
2 of 61
, 2- What is bureaucracy ? 34
1. Bureaucracy Organisation
2. Coordinating Collective Action
3. Rule by Command
4. Rule by Rule-Making
The case of the (imaginary) police station
What can we learn ?
5. Bureaucrats
An example…
What this teaches us
6. Beyond the ‘impersonal’ bureaucrat
7. Conclusion
Conclusion : The bureaucratic machine
Conclusion : Main principles
Conclusion : Inherent tensions
3- What do bureaucracies do ? 38
1. Where bureaucracies meet society
2. Part of a larger policy
3. Policy studies
4. The rational Image
The Policy Cycle
But in practice..
5. Limitations Rational Model
The problem of rational policy calculation
Policy Experts as ‘Hired Guns’
Iterative and Dynamic Process
Why is the rational model stil dominant ?
6. Political policy models
Incremental Model (Lindblom)
7. From structure to process
Part 2 : Decision Making Process 40
Lecture 8 - Power as Influence 40
1- Policy Communities 40
1. Towards ‘circular’ agriculture
2. The pressure system
3. Polderen : Omgevingsraad Schiphol
2- Actor Analysis 41
1. Who is playing ?
2. What are the stakes ?
3. How is Power distributed ?
4. Strategy
Strategy
Insights of Actor Analysis
Perspective of Government
The vulnerability of power
3- Pluralism & Power 43
1. Pluralist model of politics
2. Robert A. Dahl (1915-2014)
3. The research in New Haven
4. Definition of power
5. Results of the study
6. Lowery’s Four stages
4- Democracy as Polyarchy 45
1. From description to prescription
2. Different model of democracy
3. The essence of democracy
4. Pluralist Heaven
5. Sings with an upper-class accent
Lecture 9 - Politics in Group Conflict 46
1- Politics in Conflict 46
1. Politics is conflict
2. Lowery’s four stages
3. Political mobilisation
4. A structural explanation
5. Historical cleavages
6. Against Reductionism
7. Between agency and structure
8. Political mobilisation
2- The problem of order 48
1. Politics in Group Conflicts
2. Again Lipset
3. The problem of order
4. Democracy and Violence
5. Theories of Ethnic Violence
6. Snyder’s Explanatory Scheme
7. Karl Marx (1852)
3- Explaining stability 50
1. Strength of Institutions
Democratic Legitimacy
Legitimacy crisis ?
2. Openness of the political system
Cross-Pressures
3 of 61
, Accumulating Cleavages
Political Accessibility
Cooptation
Elite power transitions
4- The rise of a new cleavage ? 52
1. Dutch Pillarization
2. The change (‘de kentering’)
3. The end of history ?
4. A new history ?
5. New value-based cleavage
6. Social and political polarisation
Lecture 10 - Power as Non-decision 53
1- The end of ideology 53
1. Pluralism
2. End of Ideology
3. 1950s Civic Culture in the US
4. Political Apathy
5. Critical Theory
2- Nonconventional Politics 54
1. Eruption of conflicts
2. Unconventional protests
What can we learn ?
What does it teach PolSci ?
3. The key lesson
3- Bias of the political system 55
1. Biased distribution of power
Structural inequality
Pluralist Heaven Sings with an upper-class accent
2. Range of issues and alternative considered is restricted
Organising conflict In & Out
3. Bias towards existing arrangement
Policy networks
Biased pressure system
4. Importance of ‘pre-decisional’ processes
4- Two dimensions of power 57
1. Keeping conflicts out
2. Keeping actors out
3. Defining & reinterpreting the issue
Conclusion
Two ‘faces’ of power
Lecture 11 - Politics and the Market 59
1- Market Power 59
1. Rutte and the dividend tax cut
2. Oligarchy
Gilens & Page (2014)
3. A biased system ?
Different explanations
Neo-Marxism
2- Karl Marx 60
1. Market power
2. State as domination
4 of 61
Benno Netelenbos
Part 1 : The organisation of the power in the State 5
Lecture 1 - What is politics ? 5
1- What is politics ? 5
1. Conflict
2. Uncertainty
3. Necessity
4. Collective and binding decisions
2- What is political science ? 6
1. Political science
2. Different perspectives
3. Reality is ambiguous
Lecture 2 - What is State Domination ? 6
1- Causal vs. Social Power 6
1. Causal Power
2. Social Power
3. What structures social action ?
4. The metaphor of the river
2- Exercising vs. Holding Power 7
1. Elementary forms of power
Interlude : From elementary to complex
Interlude 2 : On complex forms
2. Exercising Power - power to
3. Holding Power - power over
4. Domination
3- Four ideal-types of domination 9
1. Lions
2. Foxes
3. Bears
4. Owls
4- The state and ideal-types 11
1. State domination
2. Ideal-types
Lecture 3 - The Belief in Legitimacy 11
1- The problem of legitimacy 11
1. Legitimate domination
2. All leaders claim legitimacy
3. Benefits of justified power
4. The efficiency of legitimacy
5. The puzzle
6. Three approaches to legitimacy
2- The answer of philosophy 12
1. Why do people consent ?
2. Social contract
3. Some issues…
4. Utilitarianism
3- The answer of psychology 13
1. Milgram experiment
2. Horror of the Holocaust
3. De-compartmentalisation
4- The answer of sociology 14
1. Consensus and Coercion
2. Max Weber
3. Existential Meaning
4. Tradition
Tradition in politics
5. Charisma
Charisma in politics
6. Vocational Calling
Vocation in politics
7. Weber’s Sociology of Belief
Lecture 4 - The birth of the nation state 17
1- The birth fo the nation-state 17
1. Charles Tilly
Tilly’s theory of states
2. The rise of the sovereign
Louis XIV (1638-1715)
Feudalism
Medieval sovereign power
3. State making : the rise of the Lion
4. Fighting big wars
Army organisation
Administrative organisation
1 of 61
, 5. Legal system
Towards a legal-rational ordering
6. The rise of the modern sovereign
7. The fall of the sovereign
8. Conditions of the French Revolution (1789-1799)
9. Rise of the popular sovereign
10. Rise of the Rule of Law
11. Rise of Nationalism
12. A history continued
2- Defining the state 21
1. The 20th century modern state
2. There are no rival formations
3. Defining the state
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Max Weber (1864-1920)
4. Defining elements
Territory
Sovereignty
Violence
Legitimacy
Citizenship (Membership)
5. Image or reality ?
Lecture 5 - Constitutional Law and the Two Tyrannies 23
1- The new rational order 23
1. Modern Sovereign Power
2. A rational Order
3. Formal vs. Substantive Rationality
4. Legitimacy = Legality
2- The Rule of Law 24
1. French Revolution (1789-1799)
2. Taming the Sovereign
3. The Rule of Law and its virtue
Guiding Principle
Principles of the Rule of Law
The value of the Rule of Law
4. Conclusion : A new moral order ?
3- Representative Democracy 26
1. Rise of the popular sovereign
2. The American Revolution (1765-1783)
US Declaration of Independence (1776)
3. The tyranny of the majority
4. The legacy of Montesquieu (1689-1755)
5. Solution of ‘Modern Political Science’
Fragmentation of society
Fragmentation of politics
Representative Democracy
4- Liberal Democracy in crisis ? 28
1. ’Liberalism’ and ‘Democracy’
2. Rise of anti-politics ?
Lecture 6 - Seeing like a State 28
1- The spirit of modernity 28
1. An old dream
2. Scientific Revolution
3. Cartesian Epistemology
4. Positivism
5. Modernism
6. Manifesto De 8 en Opbouw (1927)
7. Lessons from Nagele
2- Seeing like a state 30
1. Legibility
Administration
Knowledge = Power
Conclusion on Legibility
2. Simplification
The illegible forest
Scientific mapping
How the state sees
Conclusion of Simplification
3. Manipulation
Unintended Consequence
Intended Consequence
3- Limitations of rational planning 33
1. What we don’t see
2. Disasters of modernity
3. Progress & Emancipation
4. Authoritarian High Modernism
Lecture 7 - Acting like a state 34
1- Introducing bureaucracies 34
1. From Law to Policy
2. Bureaucracy is Politics
3. Bureaucracy versus Democracy
2 of 61
, 2- What is bureaucracy ? 34
1. Bureaucracy Organisation
2. Coordinating Collective Action
3. Rule by Command
4. Rule by Rule-Making
The case of the (imaginary) police station
What can we learn ?
5. Bureaucrats
An example…
What this teaches us
6. Beyond the ‘impersonal’ bureaucrat
7. Conclusion
Conclusion : The bureaucratic machine
Conclusion : Main principles
Conclusion : Inherent tensions
3- What do bureaucracies do ? 38
1. Where bureaucracies meet society
2. Part of a larger policy
3. Policy studies
4. The rational Image
The Policy Cycle
But in practice..
5. Limitations Rational Model
The problem of rational policy calculation
Policy Experts as ‘Hired Guns’
Iterative and Dynamic Process
Why is the rational model stil dominant ?
6. Political policy models
Incremental Model (Lindblom)
7. From structure to process
Part 2 : Decision Making Process 40
Lecture 8 - Power as Influence 40
1- Policy Communities 40
1. Towards ‘circular’ agriculture
2. The pressure system
3. Polderen : Omgevingsraad Schiphol
2- Actor Analysis 41
1. Who is playing ?
2. What are the stakes ?
3. How is Power distributed ?
4. Strategy
Strategy
Insights of Actor Analysis
Perspective of Government
The vulnerability of power
3- Pluralism & Power 43
1. Pluralist model of politics
2. Robert A. Dahl (1915-2014)
3. The research in New Haven
4. Definition of power
5. Results of the study
6. Lowery’s Four stages
4- Democracy as Polyarchy 45
1. From description to prescription
2. Different model of democracy
3. The essence of democracy
4. Pluralist Heaven
5. Sings with an upper-class accent
Lecture 9 - Politics in Group Conflict 46
1- Politics in Conflict 46
1. Politics is conflict
2. Lowery’s four stages
3. Political mobilisation
4. A structural explanation
5. Historical cleavages
6. Against Reductionism
7. Between agency and structure
8. Political mobilisation
2- The problem of order 48
1. Politics in Group Conflicts
2. Again Lipset
3. The problem of order
4. Democracy and Violence
5. Theories of Ethnic Violence
6. Snyder’s Explanatory Scheme
7. Karl Marx (1852)
3- Explaining stability 50
1. Strength of Institutions
Democratic Legitimacy
Legitimacy crisis ?
2. Openness of the political system
Cross-Pressures
3 of 61
, Accumulating Cleavages
Political Accessibility
Cooptation
Elite power transitions
4- The rise of a new cleavage ? 52
1. Dutch Pillarization
2. The change (‘de kentering’)
3. The end of history ?
4. A new history ?
5. New value-based cleavage
6. Social and political polarisation
Lecture 10 - Power as Non-decision 53
1- The end of ideology 53
1. Pluralism
2. End of Ideology
3. 1950s Civic Culture in the US
4. Political Apathy
5. Critical Theory
2- Nonconventional Politics 54
1. Eruption of conflicts
2. Unconventional protests
What can we learn ?
What does it teach PolSci ?
3. The key lesson
3- Bias of the political system 55
1. Biased distribution of power
Structural inequality
Pluralist Heaven Sings with an upper-class accent
2. Range of issues and alternative considered is restricted
Organising conflict In & Out
3. Bias towards existing arrangement
Policy networks
Biased pressure system
4. Importance of ‘pre-decisional’ processes
4- Two dimensions of power 57
1. Keeping conflicts out
2. Keeping actors out
3. Defining & reinterpreting the issue
Conclusion
Two ‘faces’ of power
Lecture 11 - Politics and the Market 59
1- Market Power 59
1. Rutte and the dividend tax cut
2. Oligarchy
Gilens & Page (2014)
3. A biased system ?
Different explanations
Neo-Marxism
2- Karl Marx 60
1. Market power
2. State as domination
4 of 61
