NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 Review Questions & Answers

Cryptorchidism Complications - ANSWERSFibrotic tubules with deficiency in spermatogenesis, infertility. Amenorrhea - ANSWERSAbsence of menstruation Amenorrhea Causes - ANSWERSHormonal disturbances Stress Neoplasms (ovarian, adrenal, pituitary tumors) Complications of Dialysis - ANSWERSCardiovascular disease Hypervolemia Depression Prostatitis - ANSWERSInflammation of the prostate. Most common association is E. coli. Prostatitis S/S - ANSWERSFever Chills Tender prostate Low back pain Dysuria Leukocytosis Renal Calculus Cause - ANSWERSUrine becomes supersaturated with specific solute that forms crystals. Crystallization is enhanced when a person is dehydrated or has higher than normal levels of solute in the urine from excessive secretion (calcium, uric acid). Renal Calculus S/S - ANSWERSDull, localized flank pain Acute discomfort accompanied by nausea and vomiting, diaphoresis (sweating), tachycardia, and tachypnea (abnormal, rapid breathing) Renal colic (intermittent, sharp pain) develops as the stone moves to the ureteropelvic junction Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy S/S - ANSWERSUrinary retention Obstruction to flow Decreased stream Hesitancy; difficulty initiating a stream Interruption of the stream Infection caused by retention .Aldosterone - ANSWERS"salt-retaining hormone". Steroid that promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. Na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressur Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - ANSWERSPromotes retention of water by kidneys and increases blood pressure. Chronic Renal Failure Risk Factors - ANSWERSDiabetes Hypertension Recurrent pyelonephritis Acute tubular necrosis Glomerulonephritis Polycystic kidney disease Family history of CKD Smoking Age over 65 Ethnicity Chronic Renal Failure Causes - ANSWERSThe outcome of the progressive and irrevocable loss of nephrons. More than 75% of the total number of nephrons must be lost before clinical manifestations appear. .Cystitis Causes - ANSWERSInflammation of the bladder lining, may result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections; chemical irritants; foreign bodies (e.g., stones); or trauma. By far the most common is bacterial infection. Cystitis Pathogenesis - ANSWERSE. coli adheres to bladder epithelium, colonizes, and invades host cells. Cystitis S/S - ANSWERSAcute onset of frequency, urgency, and dysuria; pain may be present in the suprapubic area. The urine may appear pink because of hematuria or cloudy as a result of the infectious organism. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) - ANSWERSHighly communicable STI that infects epithelial cells and proliferates into pruritic, painful lesions. Leading cause of cervical cancer. Oral Cancer - ANSWERSPresents at the base of the mouth or border of the tongue. Hiatal Hernia - ANSWERSDefect in diaphragm allowing a portion of the stomach to pass through the diaphragmatic opening into the thorax. Causes of Hiatal Hernia - ANSWERSAging Chronic straining Coughing Obesity Pregnancy Ascites (accumulation of protein-containing fluid within the abdomen) Gastritis - ANSWERSInflammation of the stomach lining S/S of Gastritis - ANSWERSPostprandial discomfort Anorexia Nausea Vomiting Hematemesis (vomiting blood) Peptic Ulcer Disease - ANSWERSA break or ulceration in the protective mucosa lining of the lower esophagus (LES), stomach, or duodenum. Causes of Peptic Ulcer Disease - ANSWERSH. pylori NSAIDs S/S of Peptic Ulcer Disease - ANSWERSBurning pain on empty stomach Eating relieves pain Life-threatening complications, such as GI bleeding, may occur with no warning. Metrorrhagia - ANSWERSBleeding between menstrual periods Metrorrhagia Causes - ANSWERSBleeding from endometrium during ovulation Uterine malignancy Cervical erosions Endometrial polyps Estrogen therapy Hypomenorrhea - ANSWERSDeficient amount of menstrual flow; reduced flow .Hypomenorrhea Causes - ANSWERSEndocrine or systemic disorders interfering with hormones Partial obstruction of menstrual flow Oligomenorrhea - ANSWERSInfrequent menstruation Oligomenorrhea Cause - ANSWERSEndocrine/systemic disorder causing failure to ovulate Polymenorrhea - ANSWERSIncreased frequency of menstruation Polymenorrhea Cause - ANSWERSEndocrine/systemic disorder causing ovulation .Menorrhagia - ANSWERSIncrease in amount or duration of bleeding; prolonged and heavy bleeding Menorrhagia Cause - ANSWERSLesions of reproductive organs .Enuresis - ANSWERSIntermittent incontinence while asleep. Most common in childhood. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) - ANSWERSOccurs when urine is involuntarily lost with increases in intraabdominal pressure Precipitated by effort or exertion Because of weakening of pelvic muscles or intrinsic urethral sphincter deficiency May be because of obesity, childbirth-related trauma, pelvic surgery, diabetes, or degenerative neurologic diseases that impair nerves that innervate the bladder .Urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) - ANSWERSInvoluntary sudden leakage of urine along with or immediately following the sensation of a need to urinate (urgency) Because of an overactive detrusor muscle May be idiopathic, because of bladder infection, radiation therapy, tumors or stones, or CNS damage Overactive Bladder Syndrome - ANSWERSUrgency associated with increased daytime frequency and nocturia Mixed Incontinence - ANSWERSResults from a combination of stress and urge incontinence Neurogenic Bladder - ANSWERSBroad classification of voiding dysfunction in which the specific cause is a pathology that produces a disruption of nervous communication governing micturition. Overflow Incontinence - ANSWERSBladder becomes so full that it leaks urine, or "overflows" Causes: obstruction of the urethra; underactive/inactive detrusor muscle