CHLH 274 Exam 2 questions & answers
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Operationalization - correct answer ✔✔Defining measurements procedures for the variables used in a
study
*Examples: Tobacco use and lung disease
-Variables might be the number of cigarettes smoked and the occurrence of asthma
-Variables operationalized by questionnaires and review of medical records
What is Causality? - correct answer ✔✔*A central concern of epidemiology
*ability to assert that a causal association exists between an exposure factor and disease outcome
-Example: Is there a causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer?
Hill's Criteria of Causality - correct answer ✔✔1. Strength : strong associations give support to a casual
relationship between factor and disease
2. Consistency: an association has been observed repeatedly
3.Specificity: association is constrained to a particular disease-exposure relationship
Temporality: the cause must be observed before the effect
5. Biological Gradient: also known as the dose-response curve; shows a linear trend in the association
between disease and exposure
6. Plausibility: the association must be biologically plausible from the standpoint of contemporary
biological knowledge
7. Coherence: cause-and-effect interpretation of data should not seriously conflict with the genera;;y
known facts of the natural history and biology of the disease
8. Analogy: related to the correspondence between known associations and one that is being evaluated
for causality
What is Point Estimate? - correct answer ✔✔-The value for the population is referred to as a parameter,
and the corresponding value for the sample is a statistic
, What is a Confidence interval? - correct answer ✔✔-Range of values that within a certain degree of
probability contain the population parameter
-Alternative to point estimate
(Analytic ) Descriptive Epidemiological Studies: - correct answer ✔✔-Case-report
-Case series
-Cross-sectional
*Major categories of analytic study designs: - correct answer ✔✔-Case-control
-Cohort
-Ecologic
-Experimental studies
Importance of Analytic Studies - correct answer ✔✔*Lead to the prevention of disease
*Assist in creation of quantitative evaluations of intervention programs
*Aid in determining safety and efficacy new drugs and other procedures
What are the two categories of Analytic Studies - correct answer ✔✔1. 1Observational design:
investigator..
-Does not have control over the exposure factor
-Usually is unable to assign subjects randomly to study conditions
2. Experimental design: investigator...
-Controls who is exposed to a factor of interest
-Assigns subjects randomly to study groups
What are 3 types of Observational Analytic Studies? - correct answer ✔✔*Ecologic
*Case-control
*Cohort
rated A+ passed
Operationalization - correct answer ✔✔Defining measurements procedures for the variables used in a
study
*Examples: Tobacco use and lung disease
-Variables might be the number of cigarettes smoked and the occurrence of asthma
-Variables operationalized by questionnaires and review of medical records
What is Causality? - correct answer ✔✔*A central concern of epidemiology
*ability to assert that a causal association exists between an exposure factor and disease outcome
-Example: Is there a causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer?
Hill's Criteria of Causality - correct answer ✔✔1. Strength : strong associations give support to a casual
relationship between factor and disease
2. Consistency: an association has been observed repeatedly
3.Specificity: association is constrained to a particular disease-exposure relationship
Temporality: the cause must be observed before the effect
5. Biological Gradient: also known as the dose-response curve; shows a linear trend in the association
between disease and exposure
6. Plausibility: the association must be biologically plausible from the standpoint of contemporary
biological knowledge
7. Coherence: cause-and-effect interpretation of data should not seriously conflict with the genera;;y
known facts of the natural history and biology of the disease
8. Analogy: related to the correspondence between known associations and one that is being evaluated
for causality
What is Point Estimate? - correct answer ✔✔-The value for the population is referred to as a parameter,
and the corresponding value for the sample is a statistic
, What is a Confidence interval? - correct answer ✔✔-Range of values that within a certain degree of
probability contain the population parameter
-Alternative to point estimate
(Analytic ) Descriptive Epidemiological Studies: - correct answer ✔✔-Case-report
-Case series
-Cross-sectional
*Major categories of analytic study designs: - correct answer ✔✔-Case-control
-Cohort
-Ecologic
-Experimental studies
Importance of Analytic Studies - correct answer ✔✔*Lead to the prevention of disease
*Assist in creation of quantitative evaluations of intervention programs
*Aid in determining safety and efficacy new drugs and other procedures
What are the two categories of Analytic Studies - correct answer ✔✔1. 1Observational design:
investigator..
-Does not have control over the exposure factor
-Usually is unable to assign subjects randomly to study conditions
2. Experimental design: investigator...
-Controls who is exposed to a factor of interest
-Assigns subjects randomly to study groups
What are 3 types of Observational Analytic Studies? - correct answer ✔✔*Ecologic
*Case-control
*Cohort
