PSIO 305 Exam 1 Material WITH CORRECTED ANSWERS
Systemic Communication
1. What is the purpose of systemic communication?
2. Systemic communication involves which three components?
3. Why does systemic communication occur?
o To stimulate cells, organs, and systems into action.
o To respond to momentary stimuli, which can be acute or short-term, and may
involve an integrated system response.
o To maintain homeostasis of critical physiological processes.
4. What are additional reasons for systemic communication? (These are generally
slow/fast onset and short/long-lasting)
o For supportive reasons, such as nutrition.
o To facilitate proliferation of cell growth.
o To maintain cell and tissue function. (These are generally slow onset and long-
lasting)
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
In Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), what condition does bone and muscle
loss occur in parallel, despite a deficit in the muscle protein dystrophin?
Example 3: Environmental Enrichment
1. What were the results of exposure to a novel or enriched environment?
2. What is the underlying mechanism for these results?
o Exposure to a novel/enriched environment led to the enlargement of specific areas
of the cerebral cortex and changes in dendrites.
o The underlying mechanism is Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF).
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
1. What does BDNF stand for?
2. What is the main factor related to BDNF?
3. How does increased aerobic exercise affect BDNF levels? What is the overall effect
of this?
o Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor.
o Exercise.
o Increased aerobic exercise leads to increased BDNF, which results in increased
cognition and memory.
List six diseases that are associated with decreased BDNF.
Where else is BDNF also made?
o Obesity
o Type 2 diabetes
o Cardiovascular disease
, o Depression
o Cognitive impairment
o Dementia
Neurons in the brain, but also in muscle (post-exercise)
Example 4: Grasshopper Amputation
1. Besides muscle loss in the leg following amputation in a grasshopper, what other
effect takes place?
2. What type of communication is this?
o Considerable atrophy of the thorax (thoracic muscles).
o Trophic communication (or tropic).
Trophic Communication
1. What does the Greek root "Trophikos" mean?
2. What three processes does it promote?
3. Are its effects long-term or short-term?
4. What type of event causes trophic communication?
5. However, what four factors is this sensitive to?
o Nutrition.
o Cell growth, differentiation, and survival.
o Long-term (longer lasting).
o A robust phenomenon.
o Age, activity, pathology, and nutrition
Trophic Communication or Support
An increase in all the following would suggest trophic communication EXCEPT one.
Choose the exception.
1. Number of dendrites and synaptic terminals.
2. Size of the primary sensory cortex area receiving input from a finger.
3. Rate of respiration with exercise.
4. Density of glial cells in memory areas.
o The correct answer is: 3. Rate of respiration with exercise.
Ironman Triathlon
Approximately how many kilocalories (kcal) of energy are burned during an
Ironman triathlon?
o 12,000-14,000 kcal.
What are six main physiological challenges that an athlete faces during an Ironman
triathlon?
o Confusion
o Dehydration
o Endurance
Systemic Communication
1. What is the purpose of systemic communication?
2. Systemic communication involves which three components?
3. Why does systemic communication occur?
o To stimulate cells, organs, and systems into action.
o To respond to momentary stimuli, which can be acute or short-term, and may
involve an integrated system response.
o To maintain homeostasis of critical physiological processes.
4. What are additional reasons for systemic communication? (These are generally
slow/fast onset and short/long-lasting)
o For supportive reasons, such as nutrition.
o To facilitate proliferation of cell growth.
o To maintain cell and tissue function. (These are generally slow onset and long-
lasting)
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
In Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), what condition does bone and muscle
loss occur in parallel, despite a deficit in the muscle protein dystrophin?
Example 3: Environmental Enrichment
1. What were the results of exposure to a novel or enriched environment?
2. What is the underlying mechanism for these results?
o Exposure to a novel/enriched environment led to the enlargement of specific areas
of the cerebral cortex and changes in dendrites.
o The underlying mechanism is Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF).
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
1. What does BDNF stand for?
2. What is the main factor related to BDNF?
3. How does increased aerobic exercise affect BDNF levels? What is the overall effect
of this?
o Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor.
o Exercise.
o Increased aerobic exercise leads to increased BDNF, which results in increased
cognition and memory.
List six diseases that are associated with decreased BDNF.
Where else is BDNF also made?
o Obesity
o Type 2 diabetes
o Cardiovascular disease
, o Depression
o Cognitive impairment
o Dementia
Neurons in the brain, but also in muscle (post-exercise)
Example 4: Grasshopper Amputation
1. Besides muscle loss in the leg following amputation in a grasshopper, what other
effect takes place?
2. What type of communication is this?
o Considerable atrophy of the thorax (thoracic muscles).
o Trophic communication (or tropic).
Trophic Communication
1. What does the Greek root "Trophikos" mean?
2. What three processes does it promote?
3. Are its effects long-term or short-term?
4. What type of event causes trophic communication?
5. However, what four factors is this sensitive to?
o Nutrition.
o Cell growth, differentiation, and survival.
o Long-term (longer lasting).
o A robust phenomenon.
o Age, activity, pathology, and nutrition
Trophic Communication or Support
An increase in all the following would suggest trophic communication EXCEPT one.
Choose the exception.
1. Number of dendrites and synaptic terminals.
2. Size of the primary sensory cortex area receiving input from a finger.
3. Rate of respiration with exercise.
4. Density of glial cells in memory areas.
o The correct answer is: 3. Rate of respiration with exercise.
Ironman Triathlon
Approximately how many kilocalories (kcal) of energy are burned during an
Ironman triathlon?
o 12,000-14,000 kcal.
What are six main physiological challenges that an athlete faces during an Ironman
triathlon?
o Confusion
o Dehydration
o Endurance
