Examl 1:l NSG3850l /l NSGl 3850l (Latestl
2025/l 2026l Update)l Pathophysiologyl IIl
Guide|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l Galen
Q:l Hypervolemia
Answer:
Seruml osmolalityl isl normall
concentrationl isl normall
tool muchl isotonicl fluid
Q:l Hypervolemial manifestations
Answer:
Increasedl pulsel
increasedl templ
Increasedl BPl
Increasedl edemal
Increasedl inl ascitesl
Cracklesl inl lungl
boundingl jugularl veinl
Severe-pulmonaryl edema
-l Pinkl frothyl sputum
Q:l Causesl ofl hypervolemia
,Answer:
*chronicl stimulusl tol thel kidneyl tol conservel sodiuml andl waterl (heartl failure,l cirrhosis,l
increasedl glucosteridosl andl corticosteroids)
*abnormall renall fuctionl withl reducedl excretionl ofl sodiuml andl waterl (renall failure)
*intersitiall tol plasmal fluidl shiftsl (hypertonicl fluids,l burns)
*age-relatedl changesl inl cardiol andl renall functionl
*excessivel sodiuml intake
chronicl heartl failurel
Cushingl disease
Q:l Hyponatremial (CNS)
Answer:
CNSl symtomsl
Confusionl
tiredl
abdominall crampingl
cravel saltyl thingsl
***Seizures***
Q:l Hypernatremial (CNS)
Answer:
Cravel waterl
weaknessl
***convulsions,l decreasedl LOC***
Q:l Hypokalemial (Cardiac)
Answer:
Cardiacl arrhythmia'sl
Ul wavel
legl crampingl
, decreasedl GIl motilityl
decreasedl DTR
Q:l Hyperkalemial (cardiac)
Answer:
Cardiacl arrestl
Weaknessl
Increasedl GIl motility
Q:l Hypocalcemial (neuro)
Answer:
Weakl bonesl
badl teethl
severel musclel crampingl
Trousseaul andl Chvosekl signsl
DTR
seizures
Q:l Hypercalcemial (neuro)
Answer:
Lethargyl
bonel painl
increasedl DTR
Q:l hypomagesial (neuro)
2025/l 2026l Update)l Pathophysiologyl IIl
Guide|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l Galen
Q:l Hypervolemia
Answer:
Seruml osmolalityl isl normall
concentrationl isl normall
tool muchl isotonicl fluid
Q:l Hypervolemial manifestations
Answer:
Increasedl pulsel
increasedl templ
Increasedl BPl
Increasedl edemal
Increasedl inl ascitesl
Cracklesl inl lungl
boundingl jugularl veinl
Severe-pulmonaryl edema
-l Pinkl frothyl sputum
Q:l Causesl ofl hypervolemia
,Answer:
*chronicl stimulusl tol thel kidneyl tol conservel sodiuml andl waterl (heartl failure,l cirrhosis,l
increasedl glucosteridosl andl corticosteroids)
*abnormall renall fuctionl withl reducedl excretionl ofl sodiuml andl waterl (renall failure)
*intersitiall tol plasmal fluidl shiftsl (hypertonicl fluids,l burns)
*age-relatedl changesl inl cardiol andl renall functionl
*excessivel sodiuml intake
chronicl heartl failurel
Cushingl disease
Q:l Hyponatremial (CNS)
Answer:
CNSl symtomsl
Confusionl
tiredl
abdominall crampingl
cravel saltyl thingsl
***Seizures***
Q:l Hypernatremial (CNS)
Answer:
Cravel waterl
weaknessl
***convulsions,l decreasedl LOC***
Q:l Hypokalemial (Cardiac)
Answer:
Cardiacl arrhythmia'sl
Ul wavel
legl crampingl
, decreasedl GIl motilityl
decreasedl DTR
Q:l Hyperkalemial (cardiac)
Answer:
Cardiacl arrestl
Weaknessl
Increasedl GIl motility
Q:l Hypocalcemial (neuro)
Answer:
Weakl bonesl
badl teethl
severel musclel crampingl
Trousseaul andl Chvosekl signsl
DTR
seizures
Q:l Hypercalcemial (neuro)
Answer:
Lethargyl
bonel painl
increasedl DTR
Q:l hypomagesial (neuro)
