Industrial Psychology by Ronald Riggio Chapters 1-4 Exam One
Question/Answers Graded A+ 2025/2026
Fredrick W. Taylor - Believed that scientific principles could be applied to the study of
work behavior to increase worker efficiency and productivity. His model was successful
and became known as time-and-motion studies which developed the scientific
management.
Time-and-motion Studies - Procedures in which work tasks are broken down into simple
component movements and the movements timed to develop a more efficient method
for performing the tasks.
Scientific Management - Begun by Fredrick Taylor, this is a method of using scientific
principles to improve the efficiency and productivity of jobs.
Robert Yekes - Was President of the American Psychological Association and a group
of psychologists worked with the Army to create an intelligence tests for the placement
of Army recruits known as The Army Alpha and Beta Tests.
The Army Alpha and Beta Test - Created in WWI, the Alpha test was used for those
who could read, and the Beta test was used for nonliterate recruits. This represented
the first mass testing efforts and set the stage for future testing efforts.
Elton Mayo and Colleagues - Researched the effects of lightening and worker
productivity. Focusing on a group of women, no matter what the lighting was set to,
worker productivity increased. Mayo noticed that it was the environment that was
increasing productivity but the fact that the workers were being watched; Hawthorne
Effect.
Hawthorne Effect - Changes in behavior occurring as a function of participants'
knowledge that they are being observed and their expectations concerning their role as
research participants.
Human Relations Movement - Conclusion reached by Mayo and his colleagues resulted
in a movement that emphasizes the importance of social factors in influencing worker
performance.
Army General Classification Test - Developed in World War II, the pencil to paper test
was developed to separate recruits into categories based on their abilities to learn
military duties and responsibilities.
U.S Office of Strategic Services - The psychologists also helped ____ the forerunner's
today CIA develop intensive assessment strategies for selecting candidates for
dangerous espionage positions.
, Current/Future Trends of Industrial/Organizational Psychology: - First trend: changing
the nature of work. (Organizational downsizing, and outsourcing.) Second trend:
expanding focus on human resources. Third Trend: increasing diversity in the
workforce. Fourth Trend: Increasing the relevance of industrial/organizational
psychology.
Organizational Downsizing - A strategy of reducing an organization's workforce to
improve organizational efficiency and/or competitiveness.
Outsourcing - Contracting with an external organization to accomplish work tasks.
Goals of Industrial/Organizational Psychology - The scientific goals is to increase our
knowledge and understanding of work behavior, whereas the practical goal is to use
that knowledge to improve the psychological well-being of others.
Industrial/Organizational Psychology as an Applied Science: - Involves the application
of psychological principles, and of knowledge gleaned from psychological research, to
work behavior. Also, involves the study and understanding of all aspects of behavior at
work.
Operationalized - Clearly defining a research variable so that it can be measured.
Brought down from the abstract level to a more concrete level and clearly defined so
that it can be measured or manipulated.
Variables - The elements measured in research investigations.
Hypothesis - Statements about the supposed relationships between or among variables.
Theory/Model - The organization of beliefs into a representation of factors that affect
behavior.
Steps in Research Process - Formulation of the problem or issue, generating a
hypothesis, selecting the research design, collection of data, analysis of research data,
and interpreting research results.
Random Sampling - The selection of research participants from a population so that
each individual has an equal probability of being chosen.
Sampling - The selection of a representative group from a larger population for study.
Stratified Sampling - The selection of research participants based on categories that
represent important distinguishing characteristics of a population.
Experimental Method - A research design characterized by a high degree of control
over the research setting to allow for the determination of cause-and-effect relationships
among variables.
Question/Answers Graded A+ 2025/2026
Fredrick W. Taylor - Believed that scientific principles could be applied to the study of
work behavior to increase worker efficiency and productivity. His model was successful
and became known as time-and-motion studies which developed the scientific
management.
Time-and-motion Studies - Procedures in which work tasks are broken down into simple
component movements and the movements timed to develop a more efficient method
for performing the tasks.
Scientific Management - Begun by Fredrick Taylor, this is a method of using scientific
principles to improve the efficiency and productivity of jobs.
Robert Yekes - Was President of the American Psychological Association and a group
of psychologists worked with the Army to create an intelligence tests for the placement
of Army recruits known as The Army Alpha and Beta Tests.
The Army Alpha and Beta Test - Created in WWI, the Alpha test was used for those
who could read, and the Beta test was used for nonliterate recruits. This represented
the first mass testing efforts and set the stage for future testing efforts.
Elton Mayo and Colleagues - Researched the effects of lightening and worker
productivity. Focusing on a group of women, no matter what the lighting was set to,
worker productivity increased. Mayo noticed that it was the environment that was
increasing productivity but the fact that the workers were being watched; Hawthorne
Effect.
Hawthorne Effect - Changes in behavior occurring as a function of participants'
knowledge that they are being observed and their expectations concerning their role as
research participants.
Human Relations Movement - Conclusion reached by Mayo and his colleagues resulted
in a movement that emphasizes the importance of social factors in influencing worker
performance.
Army General Classification Test - Developed in World War II, the pencil to paper test
was developed to separate recruits into categories based on their abilities to learn
military duties and responsibilities.
U.S Office of Strategic Services - The psychologists also helped ____ the forerunner's
today CIA develop intensive assessment strategies for selecting candidates for
dangerous espionage positions.
, Current/Future Trends of Industrial/Organizational Psychology: - First trend: changing
the nature of work. (Organizational downsizing, and outsourcing.) Second trend:
expanding focus on human resources. Third Trend: increasing diversity in the
workforce. Fourth Trend: Increasing the relevance of industrial/organizational
psychology.
Organizational Downsizing - A strategy of reducing an organization's workforce to
improve organizational efficiency and/or competitiveness.
Outsourcing - Contracting with an external organization to accomplish work tasks.
Goals of Industrial/Organizational Psychology - The scientific goals is to increase our
knowledge and understanding of work behavior, whereas the practical goal is to use
that knowledge to improve the psychological well-being of others.
Industrial/Organizational Psychology as an Applied Science: - Involves the application
of psychological principles, and of knowledge gleaned from psychological research, to
work behavior. Also, involves the study and understanding of all aspects of behavior at
work.
Operationalized - Clearly defining a research variable so that it can be measured.
Brought down from the abstract level to a more concrete level and clearly defined so
that it can be measured or manipulated.
Variables - The elements measured in research investigations.
Hypothesis - Statements about the supposed relationships between or among variables.
Theory/Model - The organization of beliefs into a representation of factors that affect
behavior.
Steps in Research Process - Formulation of the problem or issue, generating a
hypothesis, selecting the research design, collection of data, analysis of research data,
and interpreting research results.
Random Sampling - The selection of research participants from a population so that
each individual has an equal probability of being chosen.
Sampling - The selection of a representative group from a larger population for study.
Stratified Sampling - The selection of research participants based on categories that
represent important distinguishing characteristics of a population.
Experimental Method - A research design characterized by a high degree of control
over the research setting to allow for the determination of cause-and-effect relationships
among variables.
