28. What is the action of gliptin?
Give this one a try later!
, Gliptin acts on the incretin hormone system to have an indirect effect to
increase insulin production. It also slows gastric emptying to regulate
postprandial glucagon, thereby reducing food intake. Gliptin inhibits DPP-4
enzymes, resulting in a prolonged incretin level.
36. Describe the pharmacodynamics of meglitinides.
Give this one a try later!
Meglitinides (glinides) make up a class of drugs used to treat diabetes type 2.
They bind to an ATP-dependent K+ (KATP) channel on the cell membrane of
pancreatic beta cells in a similar manner to sulfonylureas but have a weaker
binding affinity and faster dissociation from the SUR1 binding site. This
increases the concentration of intracellular potassium, which causes the
electric potential over the membrane to become more positive. This
depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The rise in intracellular
calcium leads to increased fusion of insulin granulae with the cell membrane,
and therefore increased secretion of (pro) insulin
60. What lipid disorder(s) do fibric acid derivatives treat?
Give this one a try later!
Fibric acid derivatives mainly treat elevated triglycerides, as fibrates are used
as an accessory therapy in many forms of hypercholesterolemia usually in
combination with statins. Clinical trials do support their use as monotherapy
agents.Fibrates reduce the number of nonfatal heart attacks but do not
improve all-causemortality and therefore are indicated in those not tolerant to
statins.Although less effective in lowering LDL and triglycerides levels the
ability of fibrates toincrease HDL and lower triglyceride levels seems to
reduce insulin resistance when thedyslipidemia is associated with other
, features of a metabolic syndrome like hypertensionand diabetes type II. They
are therefore used in many hyperlipidemias. Fibrates are not suitable for
patients with low HDL levels.
8. What is hypochlorhydria?
Give this one a try later!
Hypochlorhydria refers to states where there is reduced production of
hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions of the stomach and other digestive
organs is absent or low. Most azole antifungals require the acidic environment
of the stomach for absorption, and should not be administered with h2
blockers of protein pump inhibitors (Cooper, 2018).
32. What are the adverse effects of levothyroxine?
Give this one a try later!
Long-term use of levothyroxine has been reported to be associated with
decreased bone density in the hip and spine in both pre- and
postmenopausal women. A self-induced subclinical hyperthyroidism via
insistence on unnecessary borderline-low TSH levels for "well-being" is linked
to this bone loss. Also, it results in increased metabolism at a greater rate than
adrenocortical activity and can precipitate adrenocortical insufficiency,
requiring supplemental adrenocorticosteroids. Other adverse effects include
hyperthyroidism, increased heart rate, cardiac arrhythmias, chest pain,
tremors, nervousness, insomnia, irritability, diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss,
menstrual irregularities, or heat intolerance.
Give this one a try later!
, Gliptin acts on the incretin hormone system to have an indirect effect to
increase insulin production. It also slows gastric emptying to regulate
postprandial glucagon, thereby reducing food intake. Gliptin inhibits DPP-4
enzymes, resulting in a prolonged incretin level.
36. Describe the pharmacodynamics of meglitinides.
Give this one a try later!
Meglitinides (glinides) make up a class of drugs used to treat diabetes type 2.
They bind to an ATP-dependent K+ (KATP) channel on the cell membrane of
pancreatic beta cells in a similar manner to sulfonylureas but have a weaker
binding affinity and faster dissociation from the SUR1 binding site. This
increases the concentration of intracellular potassium, which causes the
electric potential over the membrane to become more positive. This
depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The rise in intracellular
calcium leads to increased fusion of insulin granulae with the cell membrane,
and therefore increased secretion of (pro) insulin
60. What lipid disorder(s) do fibric acid derivatives treat?
Give this one a try later!
Fibric acid derivatives mainly treat elevated triglycerides, as fibrates are used
as an accessory therapy in many forms of hypercholesterolemia usually in
combination with statins. Clinical trials do support their use as monotherapy
agents.Fibrates reduce the number of nonfatal heart attacks but do not
improve all-causemortality and therefore are indicated in those not tolerant to
statins.Although less effective in lowering LDL and triglycerides levels the
ability of fibrates toincrease HDL and lower triglyceride levels seems to
reduce insulin resistance when thedyslipidemia is associated with other
, features of a metabolic syndrome like hypertensionand diabetes type II. They
are therefore used in many hyperlipidemias. Fibrates are not suitable for
patients with low HDL levels.
8. What is hypochlorhydria?
Give this one a try later!
Hypochlorhydria refers to states where there is reduced production of
hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions of the stomach and other digestive
organs is absent or low. Most azole antifungals require the acidic environment
of the stomach for absorption, and should not be administered with h2
blockers of protein pump inhibitors (Cooper, 2018).
32. What are the adverse effects of levothyroxine?
Give this one a try later!
Long-term use of levothyroxine has been reported to be associated with
decreased bone density in the hip and spine in both pre- and
postmenopausal women. A self-induced subclinical hyperthyroidism via
insistence on unnecessary borderline-low TSH levels for "well-being" is linked
to this bone loss. Also, it results in increased metabolism at a greater rate than
adrenocortical activity and can precipitate adrenocortical insufficiency,
requiring supplemental adrenocorticosteroids. Other adverse effects include
hyperthyroidism, increased heart rate, cardiac arrhythmias, chest pain,
tremors, nervousness, insomnia, irritability, diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss,
menstrual irregularities, or heat intolerance.
