ECE 206 Test Questions With Already
Passed Solutions.
Jean Piaget - Answer theorist who said that children must be given tasks appropriate to their learning
development; go through four stages of thinking that help them see and learn about the world;
developed schemas (the things a child already knows, add new knowledge to this as time goes on) and
constructivism (children learn by doing rather than being told)
JP - sensorimotor stage - Answer first stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking; infant explores the world
through direct sensory and motor contact, object permanance and separation anxiety are developed
during this stage (0-2 years)
JP - preoperational stage - Answer second stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking; child uses symbols
(words and images) to represent objects but does not reason logically; has ability to pretend; child is
egocentric (child begins to speak-6/7 years)
JP - concrete operational stage - Answer third stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking; child can think
logically about concrete objects and can thus add and subtract; also understands observation; (first
grade-early adolescence)
JP - formal operational stage - Answer fourth stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking; adolescent can
reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms (adolescence)
Lev Vygotsky - Answer theorist who said that children should be given the opportunity to for frequent
social interaction (social contact is essential to intellectual development); developed the concept of ZPD
(zone of proximal development) - area where the most sensitive instruction or guidance should be given
- allowing the child to develop skills they will then use on their own - developing higher mental functions
also developed scaffolding - changing the level of support to meet the ability of the child
Erik Erikson - Answer theorist who said that parents and other caregivers must be aware of and
sensitive to children's needs at each stage of development and support them through crises; if crisis is
met in a positive way, then the individual develops maturity
,EE- Trust vs Mistrust - Answer first stage in Erikson's development; important event: feeding; children
develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide a sense of reliability, care, and attention (birth-18
months)
EE - Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt - Answer second stage in Erikson's development; important event:
toilet training; children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of
independence (2-3 years)
EE - Initiative vs Guilt - Answer third stage in Erikson's development; important event: exploration;
children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment; success in this stage leads to a
sense of purpose; children who exert too much power experience disapproval (3-5 years)
B.F. Skinner - Answer theorist who said that parents and caregivers can affect a child's behavior
through the use of positive and negative feedback (rewards and punishments); child's action repeatedly
brings positive effects = repeated and learned; child's action brings negative results = child will eventually
stop action
Albert Bandura - Answer theorist who said that parents must provide good examples for children to
follow; children learn by modeling; disagreed with Skinner; environment does shape the behavior but
behavior also shapes the environment
Jerome Bruner - Answer developed the term spiral curriculum in which children can tackle challenges
in age appropriate ways; topics can be revisited year after year
Benjamin Bloom - Answer created Bloom's taxonomy which are a hierarchy of learning objectives
starting with knowledge and growing in complexity to evaluation
Howard Gardner - Answer created the Multiple Intelligences theory which means that humans have
several different ways of processing information - musical, visual, verbal, logical, etc
Urie Brofenbrenner - Answer theorist who said that children's primary relationship with caregiver
needs to be stable, loving, and lasting; environment affects development
, Maria Montessori - Answer theorist who stressed that children learn by using their senses and learn
best by pursuing their interests; children need to be given objects to manipulate so they can exercise
their sensory learning
Unoccupied play - Answer early months of infancy; from birth to about three months; children seem to
be making random movements with no clear purpose, but this is the initial form of playing
Solitary play - Answer From three to 18 months; children are very busy with play and they may not
seem to notice other children sitting or playing nearby; begins in infancy and is common in toddlers. This
is because of toddlers' limited social, cognitive,
and physical skills
Onlooker play - Answer happens most often during the toddler years. This is where the child watches
other children play. Children are learning how to relate to others
and learning language. Although children may ask questions of other children, there is no effort to join
the play. This type of play usually starts during toddler years but can take place at any age.
Parallel play - Answer From the age of 18 months to two years,
children begin to play alongside other children without any interaction; provides toddler with
opportunities for role-playing such as
dressing up and pretending. It also helps children gain the understanding of the idea of property right
such as "mine." They begin to show their need of being with other children their own age; usually found
with toddlers, although it happens in any age group.
Associative play - Answer three - four years of age; they become more interested in other children than
the toys' started to socialize with other children. This play is sometimes referred to as "loosely organized
play."; helps preschooler learn the do's and don'ts of getting along with others; teaches the art of
sharing, encourages language development, problem-solving skills and cooperation; groups of children
have similar goals. They do not set rules, although they all want to be playing with the same types of
toys and may even trade toys. There is no formal organization.
Social play - Answer Children around the age of three are
beginning to socialize with other children. By interacting with other children in play settings, your child
learns social rules such as give and take and cooperation. Children are able to share toys and ideas. They
are beginning to learn to use moral reasoning to develop a sense of values. To be
Passed Solutions.
Jean Piaget - Answer theorist who said that children must be given tasks appropriate to their learning
development; go through four stages of thinking that help them see and learn about the world;
developed schemas (the things a child already knows, add new knowledge to this as time goes on) and
constructivism (children learn by doing rather than being told)
JP - sensorimotor stage - Answer first stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking; infant explores the world
through direct sensory and motor contact, object permanance and separation anxiety are developed
during this stage (0-2 years)
JP - preoperational stage - Answer second stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking; child uses symbols
(words and images) to represent objects but does not reason logically; has ability to pretend; child is
egocentric (child begins to speak-6/7 years)
JP - concrete operational stage - Answer third stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking; child can think
logically about concrete objects and can thus add and subtract; also understands observation; (first
grade-early adolescence)
JP - formal operational stage - Answer fourth stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking; adolescent can
reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms (adolescence)
Lev Vygotsky - Answer theorist who said that children should be given the opportunity to for frequent
social interaction (social contact is essential to intellectual development); developed the concept of ZPD
(zone of proximal development) - area where the most sensitive instruction or guidance should be given
- allowing the child to develop skills they will then use on their own - developing higher mental functions
also developed scaffolding - changing the level of support to meet the ability of the child
Erik Erikson - Answer theorist who said that parents and other caregivers must be aware of and
sensitive to children's needs at each stage of development and support them through crises; if crisis is
met in a positive way, then the individual develops maturity
,EE- Trust vs Mistrust - Answer first stage in Erikson's development; important event: feeding; children
develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide a sense of reliability, care, and attention (birth-18
months)
EE - Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt - Answer second stage in Erikson's development; important event:
toilet training; children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of
independence (2-3 years)
EE - Initiative vs Guilt - Answer third stage in Erikson's development; important event: exploration;
children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment; success in this stage leads to a
sense of purpose; children who exert too much power experience disapproval (3-5 years)
B.F. Skinner - Answer theorist who said that parents and caregivers can affect a child's behavior
through the use of positive and negative feedback (rewards and punishments); child's action repeatedly
brings positive effects = repeated and learned; child's action brings negative results = child will eventually
stop action
Albert Bandura - Answer theorist who said that parents must provide good examples for children to
follow; children learn by modeling; disagreed with Skinner; environment does shape the behavior but
behavior also shapes the environment
Jerome Bruner - Answer developed the term spiral curriculum in which children can tackle challenges
in age appropriate ways; topics can be revisited year after year
Benjamin Bloom - Answer created Bloom's taxonomy which are a hierarchy of learning objectives
starting with knowledge and growing in complexity to evaluation
Howard Gardner - Answer created the Multiple Intelligences theory which means that humans have
several different ways of processing information - musical, visual, verbal, logical, etc
Urie Brofenbrenner - Answer theorist who said that children's primary relationship with caregiver
needs to be stable, loving, and lasting; environment affects development
, Maria Montessori - Answer theorist who stressed that children learn by using their senses and learn
best by pursuing their interests; children need to be given objects to manipulate so they can exercise
their sensory learning
Unoccupied play - Answer early months of infancy; from birth to about three months; children seem to
be making random movements with no clear purpose, but this is the initial form of playing
Solitary play - Answer From three to 18 months; children are very busy with play and they may not
seem to notice other children sitting or playing nearby; begins in infancy and is common in toddlers. This
is because of toddlers' limited social, cognitive,
and physical skills
Onlooker play - Answer happens most often during the toddler years. This is where the child watches
other children play. Children are learning how to relate to others
and learning language. Although children may ask questions of other children, there is no effort to join
the play. This type of play usually starts during toddler years but can take place at any age.
Parallel play - Answer From the age of 18 months to two years,
children begin to play alongside other children without any interaction; provides toddler with
opportunities for role-playing such as
dressing up and pretending. It also helps children gain the understanding of the idea of property right
such as "mine." They begin to show their need of being with other children their own age; usually found
with toddlers, although it happens in any age group.
Associative play - Answer three - four years of age; they become more interested in other children than
the toys' started to socialize with other children. This play is sometimes referred to as "loosely organized
play."; helps preschooler learn the do's and don'ts of getting along with others; teaches the art of
sharing, encourages language development, problem-solving skills and cooperation; groups of children
have similar goals. They do not set rules, although they all want to be playing with the same types of
toys and may even trade toys. There is no formal organization.
Social play - Answer Children around the age of three are
beginning to socialize with other children. By interacting with other children in play settings, your child
learns social rules such as give and take and cooperation. Children are able to share toys and ideas. They
are beginning to learn to use moral reasoning to develop a sense of values. To be
