STUDY GUIDE
t t
Davis Advantage for Understanding
t t t t
Medical-Surgical Nursing t
7th Edition
t t t
By Hopper, Williams, All Chapter's 1 - 57
t t t t t t t t
1
,(Davis tAdvantage tfor tUnderstanding tMedical-Surgical tNursing, t7e tLinda tWilliams, tPaula tHopper)
Answers
CHAPTER 1 t
to tcollect tappropriate tdata, tidentify ta tpatient tproblem, tand
tdetermine tthe tbest tpossible tplan tof taction. tClinicaltjudgment
CRITICAL THINKING, t
tis tbased ton tgood tcritical tthinking.
CLINICAL JUDGMENT, ANDTHE
t t t
Cue
t
NURSING PROCESS
t t
Definition: tSignificant tor trelevant tdata. tNot tall tdata tare
cues t(relevant), tbut tall tcues tare tdata.
AUDIO t CASE t STUDY Collaboration
Jane t Practices t Clinical t Judgment Definition: tWorking ttogether twith tthe thealth tteam
ttotimprove tpatient toutcomes.
1. Identify tand tanalyze tcues; tprioritize thypotheses;
tgeneratetsolutions; ttake taction; tevaluate toutcomes; trepeat. Intervention
2. Jane twas texhausted, tfailed ta ttest, tand twas tpulled tin ttoo tmany Definition: tTaking taction tto tcarry tout ta tplan.
tdirections. tShe twas talso tcrying tin ther tcar tand thadtpoor tstudy
Evaluation
thabits tand tnot tenough tsleep.
3. Jane’s tresources tincluded ta tgood tfriend, tsick ttime Definition: tComparing tthe toutcomes tyou texpected
twithtactual toutcomes. tDid tthe tplan twork? tWere texpected
tfromtwork, tand twasted ttime tbetween tclasses tthat tshe tcould
toutcomes tmet?
tbetter tutilize. tYour tresources twill tbe tdifferent, tbut
ttheytexist! Vigilance
4. Critical tthinking—the twhy: tJane tuses tcritical tthinking tto Definition: tThe tact tof tbeing tattentive, talert, tand twatchful.
tdetermine twhy ther tcurrent tplan tisn’t tworking. tShe tthinks
thonestly tabout ther tpoor tstudy thabits, ther ttime- tmanagement
CRITICAL tTHINKING t AND t CLINICALtJUDGMENT
tproblems, tand tthe timpact tthis tis thaving tonther tand ther
tfamily.
Critical tthinking tand tclinical tjudgment tboth tfollow ta
tsimilar tformat. tBoth tfollow tsteps tfrom tcollecting tdata tto
Clinical tjudgment—the tdo: tJane tuses ther tthinking tto tdevelop
tdetermin- ting tproblems tand toutcomes, tdeveloping tand ttaking
tand tcarry tout ta tplan tthat tuses ther tresources tand tprovides
tactions, tand tevaluating toutcomes. tHowever, tcritical tthinking
tmore tproductive tstudy ttime tand tmore tquality ttime twith ther
thelps tyou tthink tabout tthe tproblem: tWhat tis tit? tWhy tis tit thappen-
tkids.
ting? tAnd tclinical tjudgment tleads tyou tto tdo tsomething tto tmanage
VOCABULARY tthe tproblem.
Sample tsentences twill tvary tfor tthe tVocabulary tproblems. CUE t RECOGNITION
Nursing t process You twill tdo tmany tthings tfor teach tindividual, tbut tthe tFIRSTtthing tis tlisted
Definition: tAn torganizing tframework tthat tlinks tthinking twith tbelow.
tnursing tactions. tSteps tinclude tassessment/data tcollection,
tnursing tdiagnosis, tplanning, timplementation,tand tevaluation.
1. Sit tthe tpatient tupright.
2. Call t911 twhile trunning tacross tthe tstreet.
Critical tthinking 3. Elevate tthe tfeet toff tthe tbed tby tplacing ta tpillow tunder tthetcalves
Definition: tThe tuse tof tthose tcognitive t(knowledge) tskills tor tand tallowing tthe tfeet tto thang toff tthe tedge tof tthe tpillow.
tstrategies tthat tincrease tthe tprobability tof ta tdesirable
4. Check tblood tglucose tand thave ta tglucose tsource tready.
toutcome. tAlso tinvolves treflection, tproblem-solving,
5. Turn tthe tpatient tto tthe tside tto tprevent taspiration.
tandtrelated tthinking tskills.
Clinical tjudgment
Definition: tThe tobserved toutcome tof tcritical tthinking tand
tdecision tmaking. tA tprocess tthat tuses tnursing tknowledge
,2 Chapter t1 Answers
CRITICAL t THINKING
This tis tjust tone tpossible tway tto tcomplete ta tcognitive tmap.
Could tit tbe tlow Am t I Frontal tarea "Sick" t feeling Hard Tylenol thelps Hunger tmakes
t diabetic? it tworse
blood tsugar?
Patient's Where tis tit? Quality Aggravating t and
perception alleviating
t factors
Food t helps
Headache
Useful Severity Timing
t other
data
Sometimes Mother tis 7–8 t on t 0– Lasts t1–2 Before tmeals Early tin
t feel diabetic 10 tthe
thours
sick t to scale once t starts morning
t stomach
REVIEW t QUESTIONS taking tvital tsigns; tdata tcollection tis tthe tfirst tstep tin tthe
tnursing tprocess. t(2, t3, t4) tare tall tsteps tin tthe tnursing
The tcorrect tanswers tare tin tboldface.
tprocess, tfor twhich tthe tregistered tnurse tis tresponsible; tthe
1. (2) tCritical tthinking tcan tlead tto tbetter toutcomes tfor tthe tLPN/LVN tmay tassist tthe tregistered tnurse twith tthese.
tpatient. t(1, t3, t4) tmay tbe ttrue tbut tare tnot tthe tbest tanswer. tNitroglycerin tshould tnot tbe tadministered twithouttfirst
2. (4) tis tcorrect. tThe tnurse twho tcan tadmit tto tnot tknowing tthe tpatient’s tblood tpressure.
tknowing tsomething tis texhibiting tintellectual thumility. t(1) 7. (2) tindicates tthat tthe tpatient tis tconcerned tabout tfreedomtfrom
tshowstexpertise tbut tnot tnecessarily tintellectual thumility; tinjury tand tharm. t(1) trelates tto tbasic tneeds tsuch tas tair,
(2) reporting tan terror tshows tintellectual tintegrity; toxygen, tand twater. t(3) trelates tto tfeeling tloved. t(4) tistrelated
tto thaving tpositive tself-esteem.
(3) empathizing tis tpositive tbut tdoes tis tnot tevidence tof
thumility. 8. (3, t1, t2, t4) tis tthe tcorrect torder taccording tto tMaslow.
3. (3, t4, t5, t1, t2) tis tthe tcorrect torder. 9. (5, t2, t1, t4, t6, t3) tis tthe tcorrect torder.
4. (1) tis tthe tbest tdefinition. t(2, t3, t4) tdo tnot tdefine 10. (3) tshows tthe tpatient tis tactually ttaking taction. t(1, t2, t4)tare
tcriticaltthinking tbut tare texamples tof tgood tthinking. tall tpositive tbut tdo tnot tshow tintent tto ttake taction.
5. (4) tis tcorrect. tEvaluation tdetermines twhether tgoals tare 11. (4) tis tthe tnurse’s tanalysis tof tthe tsituation. t(1, t2) taretdata;
tachieved tand tinterventions teffective. t(2) tis tthe trole tof t(3) tis ta trecommendation.
tthetphysician. t(1, t3) tencompass tdata tcollection tand timple- 12. (1, t2, t3, t4) tshould tbe tpresent. tSince tthe tdata tprovidestonly
tmentation, twhich tare tearlier tsteps tin tthe tnursing tprocess. thip treplacement tas tthe tpatient’s tproblem, t(5) tthe tdietitian
6. (1) tis tcorrect. tThe tlicensed tpractical tnurse/licensed tvoca- tis tnot tnecessary.
ttional tnurse t(LPN/LVN) tcan tcollect tdata, twhich tincludes
1
, Answers
CHAPTER 2 t
EVIDENCE-BASED t PRACTICE
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE t 1. proof
2. context
AUDIO t CASE t STUDY 3. quality
4. care
Marie t and t Evidence-Based t Practice 5. randomized
1. Thirdhand tsmoke tis tthe tdangerous ttoxins tof tsmoke 6. outcomes
tthattlinger ton thair, tclothing, tfurniture, tand tother tsurfaces 7. gold
tintan tarea tafter ta tcigarette tis tput tout. tMarie tlearned tthat 8. nursing
texposure tto tthese ttoxins tcan tbe tneurotoxic tto tchildren tand 9. patient’s
tcan ttrigger tasthma tattacks tin tsensitive tpeople.
10. information
2. Evidence-based tpractice tis tconsidered tthe tgold tstandardtof
thealth tcare. CLINICAL t JUDGMENT
3. Step t1: tAsk tthe tburning tquestion. tStep t2: tSearch tand
tcollect tthe tmost trelevant tand tbest tevidence tavailable.tStep
1. By tquestioning tthe texisting tway tof tdoing tthings tto tensure
tthat tthe tpatient treceives tthe tbest tcare tpossible
t3: tThink tcritically. tAppraise tthe tevidence tfor tvalidity,
trelevance tto tthe tsituation, tand tapplicability.
2. A tthorough tsearch tof tthe tliterature, twith tthe tassistance toftthe
tmedical tlibrarian, tin tthe tarea tof ttheir tburning tques- ttion
Step t4: tMeasure tthe toutcomes tbefore tand tafter tinstitutingtthe
tregarding tmusic treducing tpreoperative tanxiety.
tchange. tStep t5: tMake tit thappen. tStep t6: tEvaluate tthe tpractice
tdecision tor tchange. 3. Cumulative tIndex tto tNursing tand tAllied tHealth tLiterature
t(CINAHL) tDatabase, tJoanna tBriggs tInstitutetevidence-based
4. Combination ttherapy twith ta tnicotine tpatch tand tnicotine
tresources, tCochrane tReviews, tMedline/tPubMed
tlozenges tworked tbest, talthough tbupropion t(Zyban) tor
tvarenicline t(Chantix) tand tnicotine tlozenges tworked twell,ttoo. 4. Measure tpatient toutcomes tbefore tinstituting tthe tevidence-
tA tCochrane tReview tfound tthat tadvice tand tsupport tfrom based tchange tin tpractice tso tcomparisons tcantbe tmade tafter
tnursing tstaff tcan tincrease tpatients’ tsuccess tin tquit- tting timplementation tto tdetermine tif tthe tinter-tvention tworked
tsmoking, tespecially tin ta thospital tsetting. 5. Evaluate tthe tresults tto tdetermine twhether tthe
tchangetmade ta tsignificant tdifference tand tif tit twas tvaluable
VOCABULARY tintterms tof tcost tand ttime
Sample tsentences twill tvary tfor tthe tVocabulary tproblems. REVIEW t QUESTIONS
1. Evidence-based tpractice: tA tsystematic tprocess tthat The tcorrect tanswers tare tin tboldface.
tusestcurrent tevidence tin tmaking tdecisions tabout tpatient tcare.
2. Evidence-informed tpractice: tConsideration tof tpatient tfactors 1. (3) tis tcorrect. tProviding tan texplanation tof twhy tsome- tthing
talong twith tthe tuse tof tevidence tfor tshared tdecisiontmaking tis tdone tpromotes tthe tunderstanding tfor twhy tit tis timportant
tbetween tthe thealth-care tprovider tand tthe tpatient. tto tbe tdone tand ttherefore twill tmore tlikely tbe tdone. t(1, t2, t4)
tonly tcommunicate tthe tneed tto tperform tattask. tThey tdo tnot
3. Randomized tcontrolled ttrials: tTrue texperimental tstudiestin
tprovide trationale tfor tthe ttask tto tpro- tmote tunderstanding tof
twhich tas tmany tfactors tas tpossible tthat tcould tfalsely tchange
tthe timportance tof tthe ttask.
tthe tresults tare tcontrolled.
4. Research: tScientific tstudy, tinvestigation, tor texperimenta-ttion 2. (3) tis tcorrect. tEvidence-based tnursing tcare tthat thas tbeen
tevaluated tas tappropriate tfor tan tagency tprovides tthe tbest tand
tto testablish tfacts tand tanalyze ttheir tsignificance.
tsafest tpatient tcare. t(1) tOpinions tmay tnot tbe tbased ton
5. Systematic treview: tA treview tof trelevant tresearch
tusingtguidelines.
t t
Davis Advantage for Understanding
t t t t
Medical-Surgical Nursing t
7th Edition
t t t
By Hopper, Williams, All Chapter's 1 - 57
t t t t t t t t
1
,(Davis tAdvantage tfor tUnderstanding tMedical-Surgical tNursing, t7e tLinda tWilliams, tPaula tHopper)
Answers
CHAPTER 1 t
to tcollect tappropriate tdata, tidentify ta tpatient tproblem, tand
tdetermine tthe tbest tpossible tplan tof taction. tClinicaltjudgment
CRITICAL THINKING, t
tis tbased ton tgood tcritical tthinking.
CLINICAL JUDGMENT, ANDTHE
t t t
Cue
t
NURSING PROCESS
t t
Definition: tSignificant tor trelevant tdata. tNot tall tdata tare
cues t(relevant), tbut tall tcues tare tdata.
AUDIO t CASE t STUDY Collaboration
Jane t Practices t Clinical t Judgment Definition: tWorking ttogether twith tthe thealth tteam
ttotimprove tpatient toutcomes.
1. Identify tand tanalyze tcues; tprioritize thypotheses;
tgeneratetsolutions; ttake taction; tevaluate toutcomes; trepeat. Intervention
2. Jane twas texhausted, tfailed ta ttest, tand twas tpulled tin ttoo tmany Definition: tTaking taction tto tcarry tout ta tplan.
tdirections. tShe twas talso tcrying tin ther tcar tand thadtpoor tstudy
Evaluation
thabits tand tnot tenough tsleep.
3. Jane’s tresources tincluded ta tgood tfriend, tsick ttime Definition: tComparing tthe toutcomes tyou texpected
twithtactual toutcomes. tDid tthe tplan twork? tWere texpected
tfromtwork, tand twasted ttime tbetween tclasses tthat tshe tcould
toutcomes tmet?
tbetter tutilize. tYour tresources twill tbe tdifferent, tbut
ttheytexist! Vigilance
4. Critical tthinking—the twhy: tJane tuses tcritical tthinking tto Definition: tThe tact tof tbeing tattentive, talert, tand twatchful.
tdetermine twhy ther tcurrent tplan tisn’t tworking. tShe tthinks
thonestly tabout ther tpoor tstudy thabits, ther ttime- tmanagement
CRITICAL tTHINKING t AND t CLINICALtJUDGMENT
tproblems, tand tthe timpact tthis tis thaving tonther tand ther
tfamily.
Critical tthinking tand tclinical tjudgment tboth tfollow ta
tsimilar tformat. tBoth tfollow tsteps tfrom tcollecting tdata tto
Clinical tjudgment—the tdo: tJane tuses ther tthinking tto tdevelop
tdetermin- ting tproblems tand toutcomes, tdeveloping tand ttaking
tand tcarry tout ta tplan tthat tuses ther tresources tand tprovides
tactions, tand tevaluating toutcomes. tHowever, tcritical tthinking
tmore tproductive tstudy ttime tand tmore tquality ttime twith ther
thelps tyou tthink tabout tthe tproblem: tWhat tis tit? tWhy tis tit thappen-
tkids.
ting? tAnd tclinical tjudgment tleads tyou tto tdo tsomething tto tmanage
VOCABULARY tthe tproblem.
Sample tsentences twill tvary tfor tthe tVocabulary tproblems. CUE t RECOGNITION
Nursing t process You twill tdo tmany tthings tfor teach tindividual, tbut tthe tFIRSTtthing tis tlisted
Definition: tAn torganizing tframework tthat tlinks tthinking twith tbelow.
tnursing tactions. tSteps tinclude tassessment/data tcollection,
tnursing tdiagnosis, tplanning, timplementation,tand tevaluation.
1. Sit tthe tpatient tupright.
2. Call t911 twhile trunning tacross tthe tstreet.
Critical tthinking 3. Elevate tthe tfeet toff tthe tbed tby tplacing ta tpillow tunder tthetcalves
Definition: tThe tuse tof tthose tcognitive t(knowledge) tskills tor tand tallowing tthe tfeet tto thang toff tthe tedge tof tthe tpillow.
tstrategies tthat tincrease tthe tprobability tof ta tdesirable
4. Check tblood tglucose tand thave ta tglucose tsource tready.
toutcome. tAlso tinvolves treflection, tproblem-solving,
5. Turn tthe tpatient tto tthe tside tto tprevent taspiration.
tandtrelated tthinking tskills.
Clinical tjudgment
Definition: tThe tobserved toutcome tof tcritical tthinking tand
tdecision tmaking. tA tprocess tthat tuses tnursing tknowledge
,2 Chapter t1 Answers
CRITICAL t THINKING
This tis tjust tone tpossible tway tto tcomplete ta tcognitive tmap.
Could tit tbe tlow Am t I Frontal tarea "Sick" t feeling Hard Tylenol thelps Hunger tmakes
t diabetic? it tworse
blood tsugar?
Patient's Where tis tit? Quality Aggravating t and
perception alleviating
t factors
Food t helps
Headache
Useful Severity Timing
t other
data
Sometimes Mother tis 7–8 t on t 0– Lasts t1–2 Before tmeals Early tin
t feel diabetic 10 tthe
thours
sick t to scale once t starts morning
t stomach
REVIEW t QUESTIONS taking tvital tsigns; tdata tcollection tis tthe tfirst tstep tin tthe
tnursing tprocess. t(2, t3, t4) tare tall tsteps tin tthe tnursing
The tcorrect tanswers tare tin tboldface.
tprocess, tfor twhich tthe tregistered tnurse tis tresponsible; tthe
1. (2) tCritical tthinking tcan tlead tto tbetter toutcomes tfor tthe tLPN/LVN tmay tassist tthe tregistered tnurse twith tthese.
tpatient. t(1, t3, t4) tmay tbe ttrue tbut tare tnot tthe tbest tanswer. tNitroglycerin tshould tnot tbe tadministered twithouttfirst
2. (4) tis tcorrect. tThe tnurse twho tcan tadmit tto tnot tknowing tthe tpatient’s tblood tpressure.
tknowing tsomething tis texhibiting tintellectual thumility. t(1) 7. (2) tindicates tthat tthe tpatient tis tconcerned tabout tfreedomtfrom
tshowstexpertise tbut tnot tnecessarily tintellectual thumility; tinjury tand tharm. t(1) trelates tto tbasic tneeds tsuch tas tair,
(2) reporting tan terror tshows tintellectual tintegrity; toxygen, tand twater. t(3) trelates tto tfeeling tloved. t(4) tistrelated
tto thaving tpositive tself-esteem.
(3) empathizing tis tpositive tbut tdoes tis tnot tevidence tof
thumility. 8. (3, t1, t2, t4) tis tthe tcorrect torder taccording tto tMaslow.
3. (3, t4, t5, t1, t2) tis tthe tcorrect torder. 9. (5, t2, t1, t4, t6, t3) tis tthe tcorrect torder.
4. (1) tis tthe tbest tdefinition. t(2, t3, t4) tdo tnot tdefine 10. (3) tshows tthe tpatient tis tactually ttaking taction. t(1, t2, t4)tare
tcriticaltthinking tbut tare texamples tof tgood tthinking. tall tpositive tbut tdo tnot tshow tintent tto ttake taction.
5. (4) tis tcorrect. tEvaluation tdetermines twhether tgoals tare 11. (4) tis tthe tnurse’s tanalysis tof tthe tsituation. t(1, t2) taretdata;
tachieved tand tinterventions teffective. t(2) tis tthe trole tof t(3) tis ta trecommendation.
tthetphysician. t(1, t3) tencompass tdata tcollection tand timple- 12. (1, t2, t3, t4) tshould tbe tpresent. tSince tthe tdata tprovidestonly
tmentation, twhich tare tearlier tsteps tin tthe tnursing tprocess. thip treplacement tas tthe tpatient’s tproblem, t(5) tthe tdietitian
6. (1) tis tcorrect. tThe tlicensed tpractical tnurse/licensed tvoca- tis tnot tnecessary.
ttional tnurse t(LPN/LVN) tcan tcollect tdata, twhich tincludes
1
, Answers
CHAPTER 2 t
EVIDENCE-BASED t PRACTICE
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE t 1. proof
2. context
AUDIO t CASE t STUDY 3. quality
4. care
Marie t and t Evidence-Based t Practice 5. randomized
1. Thirdhand tsmoke tis tthe tdangerous ttoxins tof tsmoke 6. outcomes
tthattlinger ton thair, tclothing, tfurniture, tand tother tsurfaces 7. gold
tintan tarea tafter ta tcigarette tis tput tout. tMarie tlearned tthat 8. nursing
texposure tto tthese ttoxins tcan tbe tneurotoxic tto tchildren tand 9. patient’s
tcan ttrigger tasthma tattacks tin tsensitive tpeople.
10. information
2. Evidence-based tpractice tis tconsidered tthe tgold tstandardtof
thealth tcare. CLINICAL t JUDGMENT
3. Step t1: tAsk tthe tburning tquestion. tStep t2: tSearch tand
tcollect tthe tmost trelevant tand tbest tevidence tavailable.tStep
1. By tquestioning tthe texisting tway tof tdoing tthings tto tensure
tthat tthe tpatient treceives tthe tbest tcare tpossible
t3: tThink tcritically. tAppraise tthe tevidence tfor tvalidity,
trelevance tto tthe tsituation, tand tapplicability.
2. A tthorough tsearch tof tthe tliterature, twith tthe tassistance toftthe
tmedical tlibrarian, tin tthe tarea tof ttheir tburning tques- ttion
Step t4: tMeasure tthe toutcomes tbefore tand tafter tinstitutingtthe
tregarding tmusic treducing tpreoperative tanxiety.
tchange. tStep t5: tMake tit thappen. tStep t6: tEvaluate tthe tpractice
tdecision tor tchange. 3. Cumulative tIndex tto tNursing tand tAllied tHealth tLiterature
t(CINAHL) tDatabase, tJoanna tBriggs tInstitutetevidence-based
4. Combination ttherapy twith ta tnicotine tpatch tand tnicotine
tresources, tCochrane tReviews, tMedline/tPubMed
tlozenges tworked tbest, talthough tbupropion t(Zyban) tor
tvarenicline t(Chantix) tand tnicotine tlozenges tworked twell,ttoo. 4. Measure tpatient toutcomes tbefore tinstituting tthe tevidence-
tA tCochrane tReview tfound tthat tadvice tand tsupport tfrom based tchange tin tpractice tso tcomparisons tcantbe tmade tafter
tnursing tstaff tcan tincrease tpatients’ tsuccess tin tquit- tting timplementation tto tdetermine tif tthe tinter-tvention tworked
tsmoking, tespecially tin ta thospital tsetting. 5. Evaluate tthe tresults tto tdetermine twhether tthe
tchangetmade ta tsignificant tdifference tand tif tit twas tvaluable
VOCABULARY tintterms tof tcost tand ttime
Sample tsentences twill tvary tfor tthe tVocabulary tproblems. REVIEW t QUESTIONS
1. Evidence-based tpractice: tA tsystematic tprocess tthat The tcorrect tanswers tare tin tboldface.
tusestcurrent tevidence tin tmaking tdecisions tabout tpatient tcare.
2. Evidence-informed tpractice: tConsideration tof tpatient tfactors 1. (3) tis tcorrect. tProviding tan texplanation tof twhy tsome- tthing
talong twith tthe tuse tof tevidence tfor tshared tdecisiontmaking tis tdone tpromotes tthe tunderstanding tfor twhy tit tis timportant
tbetween tthe thealth-care tprovider tand tthe tpatient. tto tbe tdone tand ttherefore twill tmore tlikely tbe tdone. t(1, t2, t4)
tonly tcommunicate tthe tneed tto tperform tattask. tThey tdo tnot
3. Randomized tcontrolled ttrials: tTrue texperimental tstudiestin
tprovide trationale tfor tthe ttask tto tpro- tmote tunderstanding tof
twhich tas tmany tfactors tas tpossible tthat tcould tfalsely tchange
tthe timportance tof tthe ttask.
tthe tresults tare tcontrolled.
4. Research: tScientific tstudy, tinvestigation, tor texperimenta-ttion 2. (3) tis tcorrect. tEvidence-based tnursing tcare tthat thas tbeen
tevaluated tas tappropriate tfor tan tagency tprovides tthe tbest tand
tto testablish tfacts tand tanalyze ttheir tsignificance.
tsafest tpatient tcare. t(1) tOpinions tmay tnot tbe tbased ton
5. Systematic treview: tA treview tof trelevant tresearch
tusingtguidelines.
